4. Kolonoskopia: Prozedura honetan, hodi mehe eta malgu bat, argi bat eta kamera bat dituena, ondestean sartzen da kolonaren azterketa egiteko.
Kolonoskopia egitean, medikuak ehun laginak (biopsiak) ere har ditzake minbizi-zelulak aztertzeko.
5. Sigmoidoskopia: Kolonoskopia baten antzera, sigmoidoskopia batek kolonaren beheko zatia aztertzen du.
6. Kolonoskopia birtuala: kolonaren CT eskanerra da, kolonaren eta ondestearen 3D irudia sortzen duena.
7. Odol-azterketa: Odol-azterketa honek odola egiaztatzen du, minbiziaren seinale izan daitekeena.
8. Bario-enema kontraste bikoitza: kolonaren eta ondestearen erradiografia-azterketa da, non kontraste-materiala erabiltzen den anormaltasunak nabarmentzeko.
9. Biopsia: Biopsia koloneko ehun kopuru txiki bat kentzea da, mikroskopioz aztertzeko, minbizi-zelulak dauden ala ez zehazteko.
10. Irudi-azterketak: CT, MRI eta bularreko erradiografia egin daitezke minbizia gorputzeko beste zati batzuetara zabaldu den jakiteko.
Behin koloneko minbizia diagnostikatuta, medikuak minbiziaren fasea zehaztuko du, eta horrek tratamendurik onena zehazten lagunduko du.
Tumorearen tamaina eta kokapena aztertzen dira, baita gorputzeko beste zati batzuetara hedatu den ere.
Su Y, Tian X, Gao R, Guo W, Chen C, Chen C, Jia D, Li H, Lv X: Colon cancer diagnosis and staging classification based on machine learning and bioinformatics analysis. Comput Biol Med. 2022, 145 (): 105409.
Khan FA, Albalawi R, Pottoo FH: Trends in targeted delivery of nanomaterials in colon cancer diagnosis and treatment. Med Res Rev. 2022, 42 (1): 227-258.
Shi J, Fei J, Yi Q, Shen L, Wan B, Chen Y, Chang Q: Treatment of colon cancer in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report. BMC Cancer. 2018, 18 (1): 961.
Ren QG, Huang T, Yang SL, Hu JL: Colon cancer metastasis to the mandibular gingiva with partial occult squamous differentiation: A case report and literature review. Mol Clin Oncol. 2017, 6 (2): 189-192.
Feng HT, Zou S, Chen M, Xiong F, Lee MH, Fang L, Tang BZ: Tuning Push-Pull Electronic Effects of AIEgens to Boost the Theranostic Efficacy for Colon Cancer. J Am Chem Soc. 2020, 142 (26): 11442-11450.
Slattery ML, Kerber RA: The impact of family history of colon cancer on survival after diagnosis with colon cancer. Int J Epidemiol. 1995, 24 (5): 888-96.
Tada M: [Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer]. Rinsho Byori. 1990, 38 (4): 403-6.
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How is colon cancer diagnosed?
Colon cancer is diagnosed through a combination of tests and procedures, which may include:
1. Physical examination: A doctor will perform a physical examination to check for any abnormalities or signs of illness.
2. Blood tests: Blood tests can help determine if there are any abnormalities in the blood that may indicate the presence of cancer.
3. Stool tests: A stool test can detect the presence of blood in the stool, which may be a sign of colon cancer.
4. Colonoscopy: This is a procedure in which a thin, flexible tube with a light and camera on the end is inserted into the rectum to examine the colon.
During a colonoscopy, the doctor can also take tissue samples (biopsies) to be examined for cancer cells.
5. Sigmoidoscopy: Similar to a colonoscopy, a sigmoidoscopy examines the lower part of the colon.
6. Virtual colonoscopy: This is a CT scan of the colon that creates a 3D image of the colon and rectum.
7. Fecal occult blood test: This test checks for the presence of blood in the stool, which may indicate the presence of cancer.
8. Double-contrast barium enema: This is an x-ray examination of the colon and rectum, in which a contrast material is used to highlight any abnormalities.
9. Biopsy: A biopsy is the removal of a small amount of tissue from the colon for examination under a microscope to determine if cancer cells are present.
10. Imaging tests: CT scans, MRI scans, and chest x-rays may be used to determine if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
Once a diagnosis of colon cancer is made, the doctor will determine the stage of the cancer, which helps determine the best course of treatment.
Staging is based on the size and location of the tumor, as well as whether it has spread to other parts of the body.
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