How is Prostate cancer diagnosed?

['Ehendu ko kuatiarogue']

Mba'éichapa ojekuaa peteĩ mba'asy hérava cáncer de próstata?

Pe cáncer de próstata ningo ojehechakuaa hetaichagua prueba ha procedimiento rupive, ikatúva ha'e:

1. Examen Digital Rectal (DRE): Peteĩ pohanohára omoĩ peteĩ po oguerekóva guante ha aceite recto-pe oñandu hag̃ua mba'e oĩvaicha próstata-pe.

2. Prueba de antígeno prostático específico (PSA): kóva hína peteĩ tuguy jehecha oha'ãva PSA nivel, peteĩ proteína ojapóva glándula prostática.

PSA nivel ijyvatéva ikatu ohechauka oĩha cáncer de próstata.

3. Ecografía transrectal (TRUS): peteĩ sonda michĩmi oñemoĩ recto-pe ojehecha hag̃ua próstata ra'ãnga onda de sonido rupive.

Kóva ikatu oipytyvõ ojeikuaa hag̃ua oĩramo mba'e oĩ'ỹva glándula prostática-pe.

4. Biopsia: Ojeipe'a peteĩ muestra michĩmi próstata tejido-gui ha ojehecha microscopio rupive célula cancerígena jejuhu.

Kóva añoite hína tape añete ojeikuaa hag̃ua cáncer de próstata.

5. Imagen de resonancia magnética (IRM): Peteĩ IRM próstata rehegua ikatu oipytyvõ ojeikuaa hag̃ua oĩramo mba'e naiporãiva ha ikatu oporogueraha biopsia-pe.

6. Prueba genómica: Oĩ pohanohára ikatúva oipuru prueba genómica ohechakuaa hag̃ua mba'eichaitépa imbarete pe cáncer ha tombohape tratamiento jeporavo.

7. Escaneo óseo: Ikatu ojejapo peteĩ escaneo óseo ojehecha hag̃ua cáncer ojeipyso tãi apytépe.

8. Tomografía computarizada (TC): Ikatu ojeporu peteĩ TAC ojehecha hag̃ua cáncer ojeipyso ambue órgano térã tejido-pe.

Iporã ja'e ndaha'éiha opavave kuimba'e oguerekóva PSA ojupíva térã DRE resultado naiporãiva oguerekotaha cáncer de próstata, ha ndaha'éi opavave cáncer de próstata oporombohasýtava PSA ojupívare.

Upévare, oñeikotevẽ peteĩ biopsia oñemoneĩ hag̃ua pe mba'asy.

Avei, decisión ojejapóva ojehecha hag̃ua peteĩ biopsia oiko ojehecha rire ko'ã prueba resultado ha umi factor de riesgo ha tapicha oipotáva.

['Jehechapy']

PubMed/Medline https://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/download/pubmed_medline.html

RefinedWeb https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.01116

Saldova R, Fan Y, Fitzpatrick JM, Watson RW, Rudd PM: Core fucosylation and alpha2-3 sialylation in serum N-glycome is significantly increased in prostate cancer comparing to benign prostate hyperplasia. Glycobiology. 2011, 21 (2): 195-205.

Marenco J, Kasivisvanathan V, Emberton M: New standards in prostate biopsy. Arch Esp Urol. 2019, 72 (2): 142-149.

Moradi M, Mousavi P, Abolmaesumi P: Computer-aided diagnosis of prostate cancer with emphasis on ultrasound-based approaches: a review. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2007, 33 (7): 1010-28.

Cuperlovic-Culf M, Belacel N, Davey M, Ouellette RJ: Multi-gene biomarker panel for reference free prostate cancer diagnosis: determination and independent validation. Biomarkers. 2010, 15 (8): 693-706.

McGrath SE, Michael A, Morgan R, Pandha H: EN2: a novel prostate cancer biomarker. Biomark Med. 2013, 7 (6): 893-901.

An Y, Chang W, Wang W, Wu H, Pu K, Wu A, Qin Z, Tao Y, Yue Z, Wang P, Wang Z: A novel tetrapeptide fluorescence sensor for early diagnosis of prostate cancer based on imaging Zn2+ in healthy versus cancerous cells. J Adv Res. 2020, 24 (): 363-370.

[Consensus of Chinese experts on the application of molecular imaging targeting prostate specific membrane antigen in prostate cancer patients]. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2018, 56 (2): 91-94.

Zhong WD, He HC, Bi XC, Ou RB, Jiang SA, Liu LS: cDNA macroarray for analysis of gene expression profiles in prostate cancer. Chin Med J (Engl). 2006, 119 (7): 570-3.

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["5. peteî declaración nde rejapóva, remoîva nde réra ha remoîva'erâha nde jurúpe, umi mba'e oîva ñemomarandúpe oîmbaha añetehápe ha rerekoha pokatu remoañete haguâ umi derecho oje'éva nde rehe ojepoko vaiha;"]

["ha (6) peteĩ firma física térã electrónica copyright jára rehegua térã peteĩ tapicha omoneĩva oporoñemomba'e hag̃ua copyright jára rérape. "]

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['Ñemboheraguapy']

["Remba'eporanduséramo térã ereko hag̃ua ne remiandu ehai oréve."]

How is prostate cancer diagnosed?

Prostate cancer is diagnosed through a combination of tests and procedures, which may include:

1. Digital Rectal Exam (DRE): A doctor inserts a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum to feel the prostate for any abnormalities.

2. Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test: This is a blood test that measures the level of PSA, a protein produced by the prostate gland.

Elevated PSA levels may indicate the presence of prostate cancer.

3. Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS): A small probe is inserted into the rectum to create an image of the prostate using sound waves.

This can help identify any abnormalities in the prostate gland.

4. Biopsy: A small sample of prostate tissue is removed and examined under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells.

This is the only definitive way to diagnose prostate cancer.

5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): An MRI scan of the prostate can help identify any abnormalities and guide the biopsy procedure.

6. Genomic Testing: Some doctors may use genomic tests to help determine the aggressiveness of the cancer and guide treatment decisions.

7. Bone Scan: A bone scan may be performed to check if the cancer has spread to the bones.

8. Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: A CT scan may be used to check if the cancer has spread to other organs or tissues.

It is important to note that not all men with elevated PSA levels or abnormal DRE results will have prostate cancer, and not all prostate cancers will cause elevated PSA levels.

Therefore, a biopsy is necessary to confirm the diagnosis.

Additionally, the decision to undergo a biopsy is made after considering the results of these tests and the individual's risk factors and preferences.

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