How is Prostate cancer diagnosed?

Piyé carané ndadiagnosa kanker prostat?

Kanker prostat didiagnosis liwat kombinasi tes lan prosedur, sing bisa uga kalebu:

1. Pemeriksaan Rektal Digital (DRE): Dokter nyisipake driji sing nganggo sarung tangan, dilumasi menyang rektum kanggo ngrasakake prostat kanggo ana kelainan.

2. Tes Antigen Spesifik Prostat (PSA): Iki minangka tes getih sing ngukur tingkat PSA, protein sing diprodhuksi dening kelenjar prostat.

Tingkat PSA sing dhuwur bisa nuduhake anané kanker prostat.

3. Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS): Probe cilik dilebokake ing rektum kanggo nggawe gambar prostat nggunakake gelombang swara.

Iki bisa mbantu ngenali sembarang kelainan ing kelenjar prostat.

4. Biopsi: Sampel cilik saka jaringan prostat dicopot lan ditliti ing mikroskop kanggo ngarsane sel kanker.

Iki minangka siji-sijine cara definitif kanggo diagnosa kanker prostat.

5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Scan MRI saka prostat bisa mbantu ngenali sembarang kelainan lan nuntun prosedur biopsi.

6. Tes genomik: Sawetara dokter bisa nggunakake tes genomik kanggo mbantu nemtokake agresifitas kanker lan nuntun keputusan perawatan.

7. Scan balung: Scan balung bisa ditindakake kanggo mriksa apa kanker wis nyebar menyang balung.

8. Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: CT scan bisa digunakake kanggo mriksa apa kanker wis nyebar menyang organ utawa jaringan liyane.

Penting kanggo dicathet yen ora kabeh wong lanang kanthi tingkat PSA sing dhuwur utawa asil DRE sing ora normal bakal duwe kanker prostat, lan ora kabeh kanker prostat bakal nyebabake tingkat PSA sing dhuwur.

Mulane, biopsi perlu kanggo konfirmasi diagnosis.

Kajaba iku, keputusan kanggo ngalami biopsi digawe sawise nimbang asil tes kasebut lan faktor risiko lan pilihan individu kasebut.

Referensi-referensi

PubMed/Medline https://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/download/pubmed_medline.html

RefinedWeb https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.01116

Saldova R, Fan Y, Fitzpatrick JM, Watson RW, Rudd PM: Core fucosylation and alpha2-3 sialylation in serum N-glycome is significantly increased in prostate cancer comparing to benign prostate hyperplasia. Glycobiology. 2011, 21 (2): 195-205.

Marenco J, Kasivisvanathan V, Emberton M: New standards in prostate biopsy. Arch Esp Urol. 2019, 72 (2): 142-149.

Moradi M, Mousavi P, Abolmaesumi P: Computer-aided diagnosis of prostate cancer with emphasis on ultrasound-based approaches: a review. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2007, 33 (7): 1010-28.

Cuperlovic-Culf M, Belacel N, Davey M, Ouellette RJ: Multi-gene biomarker panel for reference free prostate cancer diagnosis: determination and independent validation. Biomarkers. 2010, 15 (8): 693-706.

McGrath SE, Michael A, Morgan R, Pandha H: EN2: a novel prostate cancer biomarker. Biomark Med. 2013, 7 (6): 893-901.

An Y, Chang W, Wang W, Wu H, Pu K, Wu A, Qin Z, Tao Y, Yue Z, Wang P, Wang Z: A novel tetrapeptide fluorescence sensor for early diagnosis of prostate cancer based on imaging Zn²⁺ in healthy versus cancerous cells. J Adv Res. 2020, 24 (): 363-370.

[Consensus of Chinese experts on the application of molecular imaging targeting prostate specific membrane antigen in prostate cancer patients]. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2018, 56 (2): 91-94.

Zhong WD, He HC, Bi XC, Ou RB, Jiang SA, Liu LS: cDNA macroarray for analysis of gene expression profiles in prostate cancer. Chin Med J (Engl). 2006, 119 (7): 570-3.

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How is prostate cancer diagnosed?

Prostate cancer is diagnosed through a combination of tests and procedures, which may include:

1. Digital Rectal Exam (DRE): A doctor inserts a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum to feel the prostate for any abnormalities.

2. Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test: This is a blood test that measures the level of PSA, a protein produced by the prostate gland.

Elevated PSA levels may indicate the presence of prostate cancer.

3. Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS): A small probe is inserted into the rectum to create an image of the prostate using sound waves.

This can help identify any abnormalities in the prostate gland.

4. Biopsy: A small sample of prostate tissue is removed and examined under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells.

This is the only definitive way to diagnose prostate cancer.

5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): An MRI scan of the prostate can help identify any abnormalities and guide the biopsy procedure.

6. Genomic Testing: Some doctors may use genomic tests to help determine the aggressiveness of the cancer and guide treatment decisions.

7. Bone Scan: A bone scan may be performed to check if the cancer has spread to the bones.

8. Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: A CT scan may be used to check if the cancer has spread to other organs or tissues.

It is important to note that not all men with elevated PSA levels or abnormal DRE results will have prostate cancer, and not all prostate cancers will cause elevated PSA levels.

Therefore, a biopsy is necessary to confirm the diagnosis.

Additionally, the decision to undergo a biopsy is made after considering the results of these tests and the individual's risk factors and preferences.

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