Ũwau wa mũthemba wa 2 wa sukalĩ wĩthĩawa wĩ vinya kũsiĩĩa na ũituma mũndũ ethĩwa na mathĩna ma kũeka kũnyw'a sikala.
Mũndũ ethĩawa na thĩna wa insulin ĩla mwĩĩ wake walea kwosa insulin nesa, na ũu ũituma ethĩwa atesa kũtũmĩa nesa glucose ĩla wĩ nayo.
Ũndũ ũsu ũtumaa ĩvu yambĩĩa kumĩthya insulin mbingĩ nĩ kana yĩsinde thĩna ũsu, ĩndĩ ĩtina wa ĩvinda yĩitonya kwĩanĩsya mavata asu, na ũu ũituma insulin ĩoleka kumĩthya.
Ũwau wa shuga ũla wĩthĩawa na andũ ala masyaa me na ĩvu (gestational diabetes) umanaa na moalyũku ala maumĩlaa mwĩĩnĩ wa mũndũ (hormonal changes) na ũu ũituma ethĩwa na thĩna wa insulin.
Ĩla mũndũ wakwata ĩvu yĩthĩawa yĩ na hormone ila itonya kũsiĩĩa insulin ndĩkalike mwĩĩnĩ, na ũu ũituma glucose yĩthĩwa yĩ mbingĩ mũno nthakamenĩ.
O na ĩngĩ, ũwau ũsu no ũtume mũndũ ethĩwa na mathĩna angĩ ma mwĩĩ ta kwa ngelekany'o, mathĩna ma ngoo, ma mavĩndĩ, na ma metho.
Kũmanya nesa ũndũ kanza yĩthĩawa yĩilyĩ nĩ kwa vata mũno ethĩwa nĩtũkwenda kũmanya ũndũ tũtonya kũmĩsiĩĩa na kũmĩiita.
Biochemistry and pathophysiology of diabetes. Proceedings of conference on pathophysiology and treatment of diabetes mellitus. 1990. Mol Cell Biochem. 1992, 109 (2): 97-204.
Surampudi PN, John-Kalarickal J, Fonseca VA: Emerging concepts in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mt Sinai J Med. 2009, 76 (3): 216-26.
Johnson D: Selected pathophysiology of diabetes. Semin Perioper Nurs. 1998, 7 (3): 164-78.
Hirsch IB: The changing faces of diabetes. Prim Care. 2003, 30 (3): 499-510.
Guthrie RA, Guthrie DW: Pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus. Crit Care Nurs Q. , 27 (2): 113-25.
Felig P: Pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus. Med Clin North Am. 1971, 55 (4): 821-34.
['Ũtao:']
["Kĩsese kĩĩ kĩseũvĩtw'e kwondũ wa kũmanyĩsya na kũtetheesya andũ, ĩndĩ ti kũnengane motao ma ũiiti kana ũtethyo ũngĩ."]
['Ũvoo ũla wĩ vo ndwaĩle kũtũmĩwa kũĩkĩĩthya kana mũndũ e na ũwau mũna, na ala mekwenda ũtao wa ũiiti maĩle kũneena na ndakĩtalĩ.']
["Kwa ngelekany'o, ĩla mũndũ wakũlya ĩkũlyo yĩ na namba, no amanye kana mũndũ ũsu e na ũwau mũna."]
['Kĩla ĩvinda neena na ndakĩtalĩ waku kana mũndũ ũngĩ ũsomeete maũndũ ma ũiiti. Ndũkaatate kũlea kana kũkua ĩvinda ũimũkũlya ũtao aĩ nũndũ wa maũndũ amwe wasoma Kĩsesenĩ kĩĩ. Ethĩwa wĩona ta wĩ na thĩna wa mĩtũkĩ, neena na namba ya 911 kana ũthi sivitalĩ ya mĩtũkĩ ĩla yĩ vakuvĩ.']
['Ũtao:']
['The Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998, 17 U.S.C. § 512 (the DMCA) nĩyaĩtye kana ala me na ũthasyo wa kumĩthya syĩndũ ila syĩ Indanetinĩ nĩmaĩle kũtata ũndũ matonya nĩ kana maĩkĩĩthye kana syĩndũ ila mekumĩthya nĩsyavĩnga mĩao ya nthĩ ya Amelika.']
['Ethĩwa wĩ na mũĩkĩĩo kana ũvoo ũla wĩ kĩsesenĩ kitũ kana nthĩnĩ wa syĩndũ ila tumasya nũvĩtĩsye mĩao yaku, no ũtũtũmĩe valũa ũũtwĩĩte kana no ũtũsiĩĩe tũikamĩsome.']
["Mĩao ya DMCA yaĩtye kana no nginya ũvoo ũla ũũtũmĩa kũtũtavya kana ve kĩndũ kĩna kĩnavĩnga mĩao ya kumĩthya syĩndũ wĩthĩwe na ũvoo ũũ: (1) ũvoo ĩũlũ wa syĩndũ ila iwetetwe kana nĩsyo ivĩngĩĩsiwe nĩ mĩao ĩsu; (2) ũvoo ĩũlũ wa syĩndũ ila iwetetwe kana nĩsyo ivĩngĩĩsiwe nĩ mĩao ĩsu na ũvoo ũtonya kũtũtetheesya kũmanya vala syĩndũ isu syĩ; (3) ũndũ ũtonya kũtũtavya ũndũ ũtonya kũtũtavya ũndũ ũtonya kũũkũlya, ta vala wĩkalaa, namba yaku ya simũ, na valũa waku wa simũ; (4) ũĩkĩĩthyo ũkwonany'a kana wĩ na mũĩkĩĩo kana syĩndũ ila iwetetwe vau iyĩtĩkĩlĩtw'e nĩ ũla wĩ na ũthasyo wa kũseũvya syĩndũ, kana nĩ mũũngamĩi wasyo, kana nĩ mĩao ĩngĩ."]
["(5) ũĩkĩĩthyo kuma kwaku, ũla ũandĩkĩte ũikĩa ũkũsĩ ũte wa w'o, kana ũvoo ũla wĩ nthĩnĩ wa livoti nĩ wa w'o na kana wĩ na ũkũmũ wa kũũngamĩa maũndũ ala mawetwa nĩ ũla ũkũũmĩw'a;"]
['Na (6) saii ya mwene syĩndũ kana mũndũ ũla ũnengetwe ũkũmũ wa kwĩka maũndũ kwondũ wake.']
Pathophysiology of diabetes refers to the study of the disordered physiological processes that lead to the development of diabetes mellitus.
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood sugar (glucose) levels that result from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.
The pathophysiology of diabetes involves the complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors that contribute to the development of the disease.
In type 1 diabetes, the pathophysiology involves an autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to a deficiency in insulin production.
This results in an inability to regulate blood glucose levels, leading to hyperglycemia (high blood sugar).
In type 2 diabetes, the pathophysiology is more complex and involves both insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion.
Insulin resistance occurs when the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin, leading to an inability to effectively use glucose for energy.
This causes the pancreas to produce more insulin to try to overcome the resistance, but over time, the pancreas may not be able to keep up with the demand, leading to a decrease in insulin production.
Gestational diabetes, which occurs during pregnancy, is caused by hormonal changes that lead to insulin resistance.
The placenta produces hormones that can block the action of insulin, leading to an increase in blood glucose levels.
The pathophysiology of diabetes also involves the development of complications, such as damage to blood vessels, nerves, and organs, which can lead to serious health problems like heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, and vision loss.
Understanding the pathophysiology of diabetes is crucial for developing effective treatments and prevention strategies for this chronic disease.
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