2. Sijarah kaluarga: Risiko kanker payudara labiah tinggi jikok padusi punyo sanak dakek (mandeh, dunsanak padusi, atau anak padusi) nan alah punyo kanker payudara.
3. Mutasi gen: Mutasi gen tatantu nan diwariskan, sarupo BRCA1 jo BRCA2, maningkekkan risiko kanker payudara.
4. Sijarah reproduksi: Awal haid, akhir menopause, jo indak punyo anak atau punyo anak partamo satalah umua 30 taun dapek maningkekan risiko kanker payudara.
5. Terapi panggantian hormon: Wanita nan maambiak terapi panggantian hormon untuak menopause punyo risiko labiah tinggi dapek kanker payudara.
7. Kacimburuan: Kacimburuan atau taba maningkekkan risiko kanker payudara.
8. Indak aktif sacaro fisik: Pola hiduik nan indak aktif dapek maningkekan risiko kanker payudara.
9. Eksposur radiasi: Eksposur radiasi nan tinggi, tarutamo salamo maso ketek, dapek maningkekan risiko kanker payudara.
10. Kapadatan payudara: Wanita jo payudara padek labiah barisiko dapek kanker payudara.
11. Sijarah haid: Wanita nan mulai haid awal atau menopause akhir punyo risiko saketek labiah tinggi dapek kanker payudara.
12. Manyusui: Padusi nan alun pernah manyusui mampunyoi risiko saketek labiah tinggi untuak dapek kanker payudara.
13. Kontrasepsi: Wanita nan mamakai kontrasepsi oral punyo risiko saketek labiah tinggi untuak kanker payudara.
Paralu diingek baso ado ciek atau labiah faktor risiko ko indak baarati padusi pasti akan manganduang kanker payudara, dan banyak padusi nan manganduang kanker payudara indak ado faktor risiko nan dikatahui.
Salain itu, ado faktor risiko, sarupo umua jo sijarah kaluarga, nan indak dapek diubah, samantaro nan lainnyo, sarupo faktor gaya hiduik, dapek diubah untuak mangurangi risiko.
Yoneda T: Cellular and molecular basis of preferential metastasis of breast cancer to bone. J Orthop Sci. 2000, 5 (1): 75-81.
Demirci S, Eser E, Ozsaran Z, Tankisi D, Aras AB, Ozaydemir G, Anacak Y: Validation of the Turkish versions of EORTC QLQ-C30 and BR23 modules in breast cancer patients. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2011, 12 (5): 1283-7.
Kluttig A, Schmidt-Pokrzywniak A: Established and Suspected Risk Factors in Breast Cancer Aetiology. Breast Care (Basel). , 4 (2): 82-87.
Tabar L, Duffy SW, Yen MF, Warwick J, Vitak B, Chen HH, Smith RA: All-cause mortality among breast cancer patients in a screening trial: support for breast cancer mortality as an end point. J Med Screen. 2002, 9 (4): 159-62.
Gonzalez P, Lim JW, Wang-Letzkus M, Flores KF, Allen KM, Castañeda SF, Talavera GA: Breast Cancer Cause Beliefs: Chinese, Korean, and Mexican American Breast Cancer Survivors. West J Nurs Res. 2015, 37 (8): 1081-99.
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What causes breast cancer?
There is no single cause of breast cancer, but several factors can increase the risk of developing the disease.
Some of these factors include:
1. Age: The risk of breast cancer increases as a woman gets older.
2. Family history: A woman's risk of breast cancer is higher if she has a close relative (mother, sister, or daughter) who has had breast cancer.
3. Genetic mutations: Certain inherited gene mutations, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, increase the risk of breast cancer.
4. Reproductive history: Early menstruation, late menopause, and having no children or having the first child after age 30 can increase the risk of breast cancer.
5. Hormone replacement therapy: Women who take hormone replacement therapy for menopause have a higher risk of breast cancer.
6. Alcohol consumption: Drinking alcohol increases the risk of breast cancer.
7. Obesity: Being overweight or obese increases the risk of breast cancer.
8. Physical inactivity: A sedentary lifestyle can increase the risk of breast cancer.
9. Radiation exposure: Exposure to high doses of radiation, particularly during childhood, can increase the risk of breast cancer.
10. Breast density: Women with dense breasts have a higher risk of breast cancer.
11. Menstrual history: Women who started menstruating early or went through menopause late have a slightly higher risk of breast cancer.
12. Breastfeeding: Women who have never breastfed have a slightly higher risk of breast cancer.
13. Birth control: Women who use oral contraceptives have a slightly higher risk of breast cancer.
It is important to note that having one or more of these risk factors does not mean that a woman will definitely develop breast cancer, and many women who develop breast cancer have no known risk factors.
Additionally, some risk factors, such as age and family history, cannot be changed, while others, such as lifestyle factors, can be modified to reduce the risk.
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