Il- kanċer tal- prostata jiġi dijanjostikat permezz taʼ kombinazzjoni taʼ testijiet u proċeduri, li jistgħu jinkludu:
1. Eżami Rettali Diġitali (DRE): It- tabib jiddaħħal idejn bil- ingwanti u bil- lubrikanti fir- rektum biex iħoss il- prostata għal kwalunkwe anormalità.
2. Test tal- Antigen Speċifiku tal- Prostata (PSA): Dan huwa test tad- demm li jkejjel il- livell ta ' PSA, proteina prodotta mill- glandola tal- prostata.
Livelli għoljin ta ' PSA jistgħu jindikaw il- preżenza ta ' kanċer tal- prostata.
3. Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS): Prova żgħira tiddaħħal fir- rektum biex tinħoloq immaġini tal- prostata bl- użu taʼ mewġ tal- ħoss.
Dan jista ' jgħin fl- identifikazzjoni ta ' kwalunkwe anormalità fil- glandola tal- prostata.
4. Biopsja: It- teħid taʼ kampjun żgħir taʼ tessut tal- prostata jiġi eżaminat taħt il- mikroskopju għall- preżenza taʼ ċelloli tal- kanċer.
Dan huwa l- uniku mod definittiv biex jiġi dijanjostikat il- kanċer tal- prostata.
5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): MRI scan tal- prostata jistaʼ jgħin fl- identifikazzjoni taʼ kwalunkwe anormalità u jiggwida l- proċedura tal- bijopsija.
6. Testijiet ġenomiċi: Xi tobba jistgħu jużaw testijiet ġenomiċi biex jgħinu jiddeterminaw l- aggressività tal- kanċer u jiggwidaw id- deċiżjonijiet tat- trattament.
7. Scan tal- għadam: Jista ' jsir scan tal- għadam biex jiġi ċċekkjat jekk il- kanċerxx imxerrda fl- għadam.
8. Tomografija bil- kompjuter (CT Scan): Jistaʼ jintuża CT scan biex jiġi ċċekkjat jekk il- kanċerx imxerrda għal organi jew tessuti oħra.
Huwa importanti li wieħed jinnota li mhux l- irġiel kollha b' livelli għoljin ta ' PSA jew riżultati anormali ta ' DRE se jkollhom kanċer tal- prostata, u mhux il- kanċers kollha tal- prostata se jikkawżaw livelli għoljin ta ' PSA.
Għalhekk, hija meħtieġa bijopsija biex tiġi kkonfermata d- dijanjosi.
Barra minn hekk, id- deċiżjoni li ssir bijopsija ssir wara li jiġu kkunsidrati r- riżultati taʼ dawn it- testijiet u l- fatturi taʼ riskju u l- preferenzi tal- individwu.
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Marenco J, Kasivisvanathan V, Emberton M: New standards in prostate biopsy. Arch Esp Urol. 2019, 72 (2): 142-149.
Moradi M, Mousavi P, Abolmaesumi P: Computer-aided diagnosis of prostate cancer with emphasis on ultrasound-based approaches: a review. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2007, 33 (7): 1010-28.
Cuperlovic-Culf M, Belacel N, Davey M, Ouellette RJ: Multi-gene biomarker panel for reference free prostate cancer diagnosis: determination and independent validation. Biomarkers. 2010, 15 (8): 693-706.
McGrath SE, Michael A, Morgan R, Pandha H: EN2: a novel prostate cancer biomarker. Biomark Med. 2013, 7 (6): 893-901.
An Y, Chang W, Wang W, Wu H, Pu K, Wu A, Qin Z, Tao Y, Yue Z, Wang P, Wang Z: A novel tetrapeptide fluorescence sensor for early diagnosis of prostate cancer based on imaging Zn2+ in healthy versus cancerous cells. J Adv Res. 2020, 24 (): 363-370.
[Consensus of Chinese experts on the application of molecular imaging targeting prostate specific membrane antigen in prostate cancer patients]. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2018, 56 (2): 91-94.
Zhong WD, He HC, Bi XC, Ou RB, Jiang SA, Liu LS: cDNA macroarray for analysis of gene expression profiles in prostate cancer. Chin Med J (Engl). 2006, 119 (7): 570-3.
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How is prostate cancer diagnosed?
Prostate cancer is diagnosed through a combination of tests and procedures, which may include:
1. Digital Rectal Exam (DRE): A doctor inserts a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum to feel the prostate for any abnormalities.
2. Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test: This is a blood test that measures the level of PSA, a protein produced by the prostate gland.
Elevated PSA levels may indicate the presence of prostate cancer.
3. Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS): A small probe is inserted into the rectum to create an image of the prostate using sound waves.
This can help identify any abnormalities in the prostate gland.
4. Biopsy: A small sample of prostate tissue is removed and examined under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells.
This is the only definitive way to diagnose prostate cancer.
5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): An MRI scan of the prostate can help identify any abnormalities and guide the biopsy procedure.
6. Genomic Testing: Some doctors may use genomic tests to help determine the aggressiveness of the cancer and guide treatment decisions.
7. Bone Scan: A bone scan may be performed to check if the cancer has spread to the bones.
8. Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: A CT scan may be used to check if the cancer has spread to other organs or tissues.
It is important to note that not all men with elevated PSA levels or abnormal DRE results will have prostate cancer, and not all prostate cancers will cause elevated PSA levels.
Therefore, a biopsy is necessary to confirm the diagnosis.
Additionally, the decision to undergo a biopsy is made after considering the results of these tests and the individual's risk factors and preferences.
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