Kankere ea matšoafo e fumanoa ka ho etsa liteko le mekhoa e mengata, e ka' nang ea akarelletsa:
1. Histori ea bongaka le tlhahlobo ea'mele: Ngaka e tla botsa ka matšoao a hao, histori ea ho tsuba le histori ea lelapa ea kankere ea matšoafo.
Ba tla boela ba u hlahlobe'meleng ho bona hore na ha u na matšoao a lefu lena.
2. Liteko tsa ho etsa litšoantšo: Ho atisa ho etsoa litšoantšo tse qaqileng tsa matšoafo le likarolo tse haufi le matšoafo ka ho nka li-X-ray tsa sefuba le ho etsa litšoantšo tse entsoeng ka k'homphieutha (CT scan).
Liteko tsena li ka thusa ho fumana lintho tse sa tloaelehang, tse kang lihlahala kapa li-nodule, tse ka' nang tsa bontša hore motho o na le kankere ea matšoafo.
3. Ho hlahloba li-sputum: Ho hlahlojoa sampole ea sputum ea hao (lerōle le ntšitsoeng matšoafong) ka tlas'a microscope ho batla lisele tsa kankere.
4. Ho ntšoa lisele: Ho ntšoa lisele tsa matšoafo ebe li hlahlojoa ka microscope ho bona hore na li na le kankere.
Sena se ka etsoa ka ho hlahloba matšoafo, ho nka tlhahlobo ea mali ka nale, kapa ho etsa tlhahlobo ea mali ka ho buuoa.
5. Bronchoscopy: Ho kenngoa tube e tšesaane e nang le khamera ka nko kapa molomo ebe e theohela molaleng ho hlahloba matšoafo le methapo ea moea.
Mokhoa ona o ka boela oa sebelisoa ho bokella lisele bakeng sa biopsy.
6. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA): Ho kenngoa nale e tšesaane ka har'a mokokotlo oa matšoafo kapa ntho e itseng e ka har'a matšoafo e le hore ho ka ntšoa lisele tse itseng hore li hlahlojoe.
7. Thoracentesis: Ho sebelisoa nale ho ntša mokelikeli sebakeng se pakeng tsa matšoafo le lebota la sefuba, ebe mokelikeli oo o hlahlojoa ho bona hore na o na le lisele tsa kankere.
8. Liteko tsa mali: Le hoja liteko tsa mali li le mong li ke ke tsa fumana kankere ea matšoafo, li ka thusa ho fumana hore na mokuli o phetse hantle hakae'me tsa fumana lintho tse sa tloaelehang tse ka 'nang tsa bontša hore o na le kankere.
9. Ho hlahlojoa ha masapo, MRI, PET scan le liteko tse ling: Liteko tsena li ka' na tsa sebelisoa ho bona hore na kankere e nametse likarolong tse ling tsa' mele.
Hang ha kankere ea matšoafo e fumanoe, ho ka etsoa liteko tse eketsehileng ho fumana hore na e se e le boemong bofe, e leng se thusang ho tataisa liqeto tsa phekolo.
Liteko tsena li ka 'na tsa akarelletsa ho etsa liteko tse eketsehileng tsa ho hlahloba litšoantšo, tse kang ho hlahloba boko ka CT, ho hlahloba masapo kapa ho hlahloba ka positron emission tomography (PET).
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Ni J, Guo Z, Zhang L: [The diagnostic significance of single or combination lung cancer-related serum biomarkers in high risk lung cancer patients]. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi. 2016, 55 (1): 25-30.
Nishiyama N, Nakatani S, Iwasa R, Taguchi S, Inoue K, Kinoshita H: [Differential diagnosis between peripheral lung cancer invading the chest wall and chest-wall tumors]. Kyobu Geka. 1997, 50 (10): 893-7.
Kang C, Wang D, Zhang X, Wang L, Wang F, Chen J: Construction and Validation of a Lung Cancer Diagnostic Model Based on 6-Gene Methylation Frequency in Blood, Clinical Features, and Serum Tumor Markers. Comput Math Methods Med. 2021, 2021 (): 9987067.
Heydari F, Rafsanjani MK: A Review on Lung Cancer Diagnosis Using Data Mining Algorithms. Curr Med Imaging. 2021, 17 (1): 16-26.
Li L, Feng T, Zhang W, Gao S, Wang R, Lv W, Zhu T, Yu H, Qian B: MicroRNA Biomarker hsa-miR-195-5p for Detecting the Risk of Lung Cancer. Int J Genomics. 2020, 2020 (): 7415909.
Li B, Yuan Q, Zou YT, Su T, Lin Q, Zhang YQ, Shi WQ, Liang RB, Ge QM, Li QY, Shao Y: CA-125, CA-153, and CYFRA21-1 as clinical indicators in male lung cancer with ocular metastasis. J Cancer. 2020, 11 (10): 2730-2736.
Magee ND, Villaumie JS, Marple ET, Ennis M, Elborn JS, McGarvey JJ: Ex vivo diagnosis of lung cancer using a Raman miniprobe. J Phys Chem B. 2009, 113 (23): 8137-41.
['Tlhokomeliso: tsa bongaka']
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['Ditsebiso di tlameha ho romelwa ka lengolo ka imeile (bona karolo ya "Ho iteanya" bakeng sa aterese ya imeile). ']
["DMCA e hloka hore tsebiso ea hao ea ho tlōla ha molao ho boleloang hore e na le boitsebiso bo latelang: (1) tlhaloso ea mosebetsi o sirelelitsoeng ka molao o boleloang hore o tlōloa; (2) tlhaloso ea litaba tse boleloang hore li tlōla molao le boitsebiso bo lekaneng ho re lumella ho fumana litaba; (3) boitsebiso ba ho ikopanya le uena, ho akarelletsa aterese ea hau, nomoro ea fono le aterese ea imeile; (4) polelo ea hau ea hore u na le tumelo e ntle ea hore litaba ka tsela e belaelloang ha e lumelloe ke mong'a litokelo tsa molao, kapa moemeli oa eona, kapa ka ts'ebetso ea molao leha e le ofe; "]
['(5) polelo e saennweng ke wena, tlasa kotlo ya ho hlapanya leshano, ya hore tlhahisoleseding e tsebisong e nepahetse le hore o na le matla a ho tiisa ditokelo tsa mongodi tseo ho thweng di a tlolwa; ']
["le (6) ho saena ka letsoho kapa ka elektronike ha mong'a litokelo tsa bangoli kapa motho ea lumeletsoeng ho nka khato lebitsong la mong'a litokelo tsa bangoli. "]
['Ho hloleha ho kenyelletsa tlhahisoleseding yohle e ka hodimo ho ka baka ho dieha ha ho sebetswa tletlebo ya hao.']
['Ho Iteanya']
['Ka kōpo re romelle imeile ka potso / tlhahiso leha e le efe.']
How is lung cancer diagnosed?
Lung cancer is diagnosed through a combination of tests and procedures, which may include:
1. Medical history and physical examination: The doctor will ask about your symptoms, smoking history, and family history of lung cancer.
They will also perform a physical examination to check for any signs of the disease.
2. Imaging tests: Chest X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans are commonly used to create detailed images of the lungs and surrounding structures.
These tests can help detect abnormalities, such as tumors or nodules, that may indicate the presence of lung cancer.
3. Sputum cytology: A sample of your sputum (mucus coughed up from the lungs) is examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells.
4. Biopsy: A sample of lung tissue is removed and examined under a microscope to determine if cancer cells are present.
This can be done through a bronchoscopy, needle biopsy, or surgical biopsy.
5. Bronchoscopy: A thin, lighted tube with a camera is inserted through the nose or mouth and down the throat to examine the airways and lungs.
This procedure can also be used to collect tissue samples for biopsy.
6. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA): A thin needle is inserted into the lung nodule or mass to collect a sample of cells for examination.
7. Thoracentesis: Fluid is removed from the space between the lungs and chest wall using a needle, and the fluid is then examined for cancer cells.
8. Blood tests: While blood tests alone cannot diagnose lung cancer, they can help determine the overall health of the patient and identify any abnormalities that may indicate the presence of cancer.
9. Bone scan, mri, pet scan, and other tests: These tests may be used to determine if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
Once lung cancer is diagnosed, additional tests may be performed to determine the stage of the cancer, which helps guide treatment decisions.
These tests may include more imaging tests, such as a CT scan of the brain, bone scan, or positron emission tomography (PET) scan.
Disclaimer: medical
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