How is Lung cancer diagnosed?

Comente si faghet a ischire chi unu tenet su tumore a sos purmones?

Su tumore a su purmones est diagnosticadu cun una cumbinatzione de proas e protzeduras, chi podent incrùere:

1. Istòrias mèdicas e esàmine fìsicu: su dutore at a fàghere dimandas subra de sos sìntomos, s'istòria de su fumu e s'istòria familiare de su tumore a sos purmones.

Ant a fàghere puru un'esàmine fìsicu pro controllare sos sinnos de sa maladia.

2. Esames de imaging: sos rajos X de su pettu e sas iscansiones tomogràficas computerizadas (CT) sunt comunemente usadas pro creare immàgines a sa minuda de sos purmones e de sas istruturas a inghìriu.

Custos esàmenes podent agiudare a rilevare anomalias, comente tumores o nodulos, chi podent indicare sa presèntzia de su tumore a sos purmones.

3. Tzitologia de s'isputa: Unu campione de s'isputa tua (mucu iscutuladu dae sos purmones) est esaminadu a suta de unu microscòpiu pro chircare tzèllulas tumorales.

4. Biòpsia: S'est pigadu unu campione de tessidu de su purmon e s'est esaminadu a suta de su microscòpiu pro determinare si b'at tzèllulas tumorales.

Custu si podet fàghere pro mèdiu de una broncoscopia, una biopsia a ago o una biopsia chirùgica.

5. Broncoscopia: Unu tubu fine e illuminadu cun una telecamera est insertadu pro su nasu o sa buca e giùghere sa gola pro esaminare sas bias aèreas e sos purmones.

Custu mètodu podet èssere impreadu fintzas pro collire campiones de tessidos pro sa biopsia.

6. Aspiratzione cun ago fine (FNA): s'insertat un'ago fine in su nodule o sa massa de su purmones pro collire unu campione de tzèllulas pro s'esàmine.

7. Toratzentesi: su flùidu est bogadu dae s'ispàtziu intre sos purmones e sa parete de su pettu usende un'agu, e su flùidu est a pustis esaminadu pro tzèllulas tumorales.

8. Anàlisis de su sàmbene: Mentras chi sas anàlisis de su sàmbene solas non podent diagnosticare su tumore a sos purmones, podent agiudare a determinare sa salude generale de su malàidu e identificare cale si siat anomalia chi podet indicare sa presèntzia de tumore.

9. Iscansione de sos ossos, MRI, pet scan e àteros esames: custos esames podent èssere impreados pro determinare si su tumore s'est ispartu a àteras partes de su corpus.

Una borta chi su tumore a su purmones est istadu diagnosticadu, si podent fàghere àteras proas pro determinare s'istàdiu de su tumore, chi agiudat a ghiare sas detzisiones de tratamentu.

Custos esàmenes podent incrùere prus esàmenes de imaging, comente una TAC de su cherbeddu, una TAC de sos ossos o una tomografia a emissione de positrones (PET).

['Referèntzias']

PubMed/Medline https://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/download/pubmed_medline.html

RefinedWeb https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.01116

Zhou P, Lu F, Wang J, Wang K, Liu B, Li N, Tang B: A portable point-of-care testing system to diagnose lung cancer through the detection of exosomal miRNA in urine and saliva. Chem Commun (Camb). 2020, 56 (63): 8968-8971.

Ni J, Guo Z, Zhang L: [The diagnostic significance of single or combination lung cancer-related serum biomarkers in high risk lung cancer patients]. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi. 2016, 55 (1): 25-30.

Nishiyama N, Nakatani S, Iwasa R, Taguchi S, Inoue K, Kinoshita H: [Differential diagnosis between peripheral lung cancer invading the chest wall and chest-wall tumors]. Kyobu Geka. 1997, 50 (10): 893-7.

Kang C, Wang D, Zhang X, Wang L, Wang F, Chen J: Construction and Validation of a Lung Cancer Diagnostic Model Based on 6-Gene Methylation Frequency in Blood, Clinical Features, and Serum Tumor Markers. Comput Math Methods Med. 2021, 2021 (): 9987067.

Heydari F, Rafsanjani MK: A Review on Lung Cancer Diagnosis Using Data Mining Algorithms. Curr Med Imaging. 2021, 17 (1): 16-26.

Li L, Feng T, Zhang W, Gao S, Wang R, Lv W, Zhu T, Yu H, Qian B: MicroRNA Biomarker hsa-miR-195-5p for Detecting the Risk of Lung Cancer. Int J Genomics. 2020, 2020 (): 7415909.

Li B, Yuan Q, Zou YT, Su T, Lin Q, Zhang YQ, Shi WQ, Liang RB, Ge QM, Li QY, Shao Y: CA-125, CA-153, and CYFRA21-1 as clinical indicators in male lung cancer with ocular metastasis. J Cancer. 2020, 11 (10): 2730-2736.

Magee ND, Villaumie JS, Marple ET, Ennis M, Elborn JS, McGarvey JJ: Ex vivo diagnosis of lung cancer using a Raman miniprobe. J Phys Chem B. 2009, 113 (23): 8137-41.

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How is lung cancer diagnosed?

Lung cancer is diagnosed through a combination of tests and procedures, which may include:

1. Medical history and physical examination: The doctor will ask about your symptoms, smoking history, and family history of lung cancer.

They will also perform a physical examination to check for any signs of the disease.

2. Imaging tests: Chest X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans are commonly used to create detailed images of the lungs and surrounding structures.

These tests can help detect abnormalities, such as tumors or nodules, that may indicate the presence of lung cancer.

3. Sputum cytology: A sample of your sputum (mucus coughed up from the lungs) is examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells.

4. Biopsy: A sample of lung tissue is removed and examined under a microscope to determine if cancer cells are present.

This can be done through a bronchoscopy, needle biopsy, or surgical biopsy.

5. Bronchoscopy: A thin, lighted tube with a camera is inserted through the nose or mouth and down the throat to examine the airways and lungs.

This procedure can also be used to collect tissue samples for biopsy.

6. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA): A thin needle is inserted into the lung nodule or mass to collect a sample of cells for examination.

7. Thoracentesis: Fluid is removed from the space between the lungs and chest wall using a needle, and the fluid is then examined for cancer cells.

8. Blood tests: While blood tests alone cannot diagnose lung cancer, they can help determine the overall health of the patient and identify any abnormalities that may indicate the presence of cancer.

9. Bone scan, mri, pet scan, and other tests: These tests may be used to determine if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

Once lung cancer is diagnosed, additional tests may be performed to determine the stage of the cancer, which helps guide treatment decisions.

These tests may include more imaging tests, such as a CT scan of the brain, bone scan, or positron emission tomography (PET) scan.

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