What are the risk factors for Heart attack?

Ziziphi izinto ezinokubangela ukuba umntu abe nesifo sentliziyo?

Zininzi izinto ezinokubangela ukuba umntu abe nesifo sentliziyo, eziquka:

1. Ubudala: Umngcipheko wokuhlaselwa sisifo sentliziyo uyanda ngokweminyaka, ingakumbi emva kweminyaka engama-45 kumadoda nama-55 kumabhinqa.

2. Umlinganiselo ophakamileyo wecholesterol: Umlinganiselo ophakamileyo wecholesterol yeLDL (engalunganga) nomlinganiselo ophantsi wecholesterol yeHDL (elungileyo) unokwandisa ingozi yokuhlaselwa sisifo sentliziyo.

3. Uxinzelelo lwegazi oluphezulu: Uxinzelelo lwegazi oluphezulu olungalawulwayo lunokuyonakalisa imithambo luze lwandise ingozi yokuhlaselwa sisifo sentliziyo.

4. Isifo seswekile: Abantu abanesifo seswekile basengozini enkulu yokuhlaselwa sisifo sentliziyo ngenxa yomonakalo iswekile eninzi egazini enokuwenza kwimithambo yegazi.

5. Ukutyeba ngokugqithiseleyo: Ukutyeba ngokugqithiseleyo kunokubangela ukuba umntu abe nesifo sentliziyo ngenxa yokuba kunegalelo kwezinye izinto ezinokumenza abe nesifo esifana nehigh blood pressure nesifo seswekile.

6. Ukungawenzi umthambo: Ukungawenzi umthambo kunokubangela isifo sentliziyo kuze kwandise amathuba okuhlaselwa sisifo sentliziyo.

7. Ukutshaya: Ukutshaya kuyingozi enkulu kwisifo sentliziyo, kuba konakalisa imithambo yegazi kuze kwandise amathuba okuba igazi libile.

8. Imbali yentsapho: Ukuba kwintsapho ethile kukho umntu onesifo sentliziyo, oko kunokumenza umntu abe sengozini yokuhlaselwa sisifo sentliziyo.

9. Ukubetha kwentliziyo: Le yimeko yokungahambi kakuhle kwentliziyo enokunyusa umngcipheko wokuhlaselwa sisifo sentliziyo nokufa.

10. Ukuhlaselwa yintliziyo okanye ukubanjwa sisifo sokubetha: Abantu abakhe bahlaselwa yintliziyo okanye ukubanjwa sisifo sokubetha basemngciphekweni omkhulu wokuphinda bahlaselwe siso.

11. Ukuxinezeleka: Ukuxinezeleka okungapheliyo kunokubangela isifo sentliziyo kuze kwandise amathuba okuhlaselwa sisifo sentliziyo.

12. Iimpawu zomzimba ezibangela ukuba umzimba ungakwazi ukuzilawula: Iimpawu ezifana ne-lupus ne-rheumatoid arthritis zinokubangela ukuba amabhinqa abe sesichengeni sokuphathwa sisifo sentliziyo.

13. Iingxaki zempilo ezinxulumene nokukhulelwa: Amabhinqa aba nesifo seswekile okanye uxinzelelo lwegazi xa ekhulelwe asengozini enkulu yokuba nesifo sentliziyo kamva ebomini.

14. Umlinganiselo weestrogen ophantsi: Amabhinqa aye aphelelwa ngumzimba okanye atyandwa isizalo anemilinganiselo ephantsi yeestrogen, nto leyo enokuwenza abe sesichengeni sokuphathwa sisifo sentliziyo xa ethelekiswa namabhinqa angekabi nayo.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba nangona ezinye izinto ezibangela umngcipheko, ezifana nobudala nembali yosapho, zingenakutshintshwa, ezinye ezininzi zinokulawulwa ngokutshintsha indlela yokuphila nangonyango.

Ukuxilongwa rhoqo, ukutya ukutya okunesondlo, ukwenza umthambo rhoqo, ukuyeka ukutshaya nokunyanga izigulo ezinganyangekiyo ezifana noxinzelelo lwegazi nesifo seswekile kunokunceda ekunciphiseni amathuba okuhlaselwa sisifo sentliziyo.

['Iimbekiselo']

PubMed/Medline https://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/download/pubmed_medline.html

RefinedWeb https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.01116

Poomsrikaew O, Ryan CJ, Zerwic JJ: Knowledge of heart attack symptoms and risk factors among native Thais: a street-intercept survey method. Int J Nurs Pract. 2010, 16 (5): 492-8.

Ahmed AAA, Al-Shami AM, Jamshed S, Zawiah M, Elnaem MH, Mohamed Ibrahim MI: Awareness of the Risk Factors for Heart Attack Among the General Public in Pahang, Malaysia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2020, 13 (): 3089-3102.

Fussman C, Rafferty AP, Reeves MJ, Zackery S, Lyon-Callo S, Anderson B: Racial disparities in knowledge of stroke and heart attack risk factors and warning signs among Michigan adults. Ethn Dis. 2009, 19 (2): 128-34.

Ahmed AAA, Al-Shami AM, Jamshed S, Fata Nahas AR: Development of questionnaire on awareness and action towards symptoms and risk factors of heart attack and stroke among a Malaysian population. BMC Public Health. 2019, 19 (1): 1300.

Hwang SY, Ryan CJ, Zerwic JJ: Korean immigrants' knowledge of heart attack symptoms and risk factors. J Immigr Minor Health. 2008, 10 (1): 67-72.

Fukuoka Y, Oh YJ: Perceived Heart Attack Likelihood in Adults with a High Diabetes Risk. Heart Lung. , 52 (): 42-47.

Poomsrikaew O, Ryan CJ, Zerwic JJ: Knowledge of heart attack symptoms and risk factors among native Thais. West J Nurs Res. 2009, 31 (8): 1088-9.

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['Ukungabandakanyi lonke ulwazi olungentla kungakhokelela ekulibaziseni ukuphathwa kwesikhalazo sakho.']

['Unxibelelwano']

['Nceda usithumelele i-imeyile ngayo nayiphi na imibuzo / iingcebiso.']

What are the risk factors for heart attack?

There are several risk factors for heart attack, including:

1. Age: The risk of heart attack increases with age, especially after the age of 45 for men and 55 for women.

2. High cholesterol levels: High levels of LDL (bad) cholesterol and low levels of HDL (good) cholesterol can increase the risk of heart attack.

3. High blood pressure: Uncontrolled high blood pressure can damage the arteries and increase the risk of heart attack.

4. Diabetes: People with diabetes are at a higher risk of heart attack due to the damage high blood sugar can cause to blood vessels.

5. Being overweight or obese: Excess weight can increase the risk of heart attack by contributing to other risk factors such as high blood pressure and diabetes.

6. Not exercising: Lack of physical activity can contribute to the development of heart disease and increase the risk of heart attack.

7. Smoking: Smoking is a major risk factor for heart attack, as it damages the blood vessels and increases the risk of blood clots.

8. Family history: A family history of heart disease can increase the risk of heart attack.

9. Atrial fibrillation: This is an irregular heart rhythm that can increase the risk of heart attack and stroke.

10. Previous heart attack or stroke: People who have had a previous heart attack or stroke are at a higher risk of having another one.

11. Stress: Chronic stress can contribute to the development of heart disease and increase the risk of heart attack.

12. Autoimmune conditions: Conditions such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis can increase the risk of heart disease in women.

13. Pregnancy-related health problems: Women who develop gestational diabetes or hypertension during pregnancy are at an increased risk of developing heart disease later in life.

14. Low estrogen levels: Women who have gone through menopause or had a hysterectomy have lower levels of estrogen, which can increase their risk of heart disease compared to women who have not.

It is important to note that while some risk factors, such as age and family history, cannot be changed, many others can be managed through lifestyle changes and medical interventions.

Regular check-ups, maintaining a healthy diet, exercising regularly, quitting smoking, and managing chronic conditions like high blood pressure and diabetes can help reduce the risk of heart attack.

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