What are the risk factors for Heart attack?

Yiziphi izici eziyingozi zokuhlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo?

Kunezici eziningana zobungozi bokuhlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo, kuhlanganise:

1. Ubudala: Ingozi yokuhlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo iyanda njengoba umuntu ekhula, ikakhulukazi ngemva kweminyaka engu - 45 emadodeni nangemva kweminyaka engu - 55 kwabesifazane.

2. Izinga eliphakeme le-cholesterol: Izinga eliphakeme le-LDL (i-cholesterol embi) nezinga eliphansi le-HDL (i-cholesterol enhle) zingandisa ingozi yokuhlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo.

3. Umfutho wegazi ophakeme: Umfutho wegazi ophakeme ongalawuleki ungalimaza imithambo yegazi futhi wandise ingozi yokuhlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo.

4. Isifo sikashukela: Abantu abanesifo sikashukela basengozini enkulu yokuhlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo ngenxa yomonakalo ushukela wegazi ophakeme ongayibangela emithanjeni yegazi.

5. Ukukhuluphala ngokweqile noma ukukhuluphala ngokweqile: Ukukhuluphala ngokweqile kungandisa ingozi yokuhlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo ngokufaka isandla kwezinye izinto eziyingozi ezinjengomfutho wegazi ophakeme nesifo sikashukela.

6. Ukuntuleka kokuzivocavoca: Ukuntuleka kokuzivocavoca kungasiza ekuthuthukiseni isifo senhliziyo futhi kwandise ingozi yokuhlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo.

7. Ukubhema: Ukubhema kuyisici esiyinhloko sengozi yokuhlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo, njengoba kulimaza imithambo yegazi futhi kwandisa ingozi yamagciwane egazi.

8. Umlando womkhaya: Umlando womkhaya wesifo senhliziyo ungandisa ingozi yokuhlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo.

9. I-Atrial fibrillation: Lokhu kungukushaya kwenhliziyo okungajwayelekile okungandisa ingozi yokuhlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo nesifo sohlangothi.

10. Ukuhlaselwa yinhliziyo noma unhlangothi ngaphambili: Abantu abake bahlaselwa yinhliziyo noma unhlangothi ngaphambili basengozini enkulu yokuba nokunye.

11. Ukucindezeleka: Ukucindezeleka okungapheli kungabangela izifo zenhliziyo futhi kwandise ingozi yokuhlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo.

Izimo ze-autoimmune: Izimo ezinjenge-lupus ne-rheumatoid arthritis zingandisa ingozi yesifo senhliziyo kwabesifazane.

Izinkinga zempilo ezihlobene nokukhulelwa: Abesifazane abathola isifo sikashukela sokukhulelwa noma umfutho wegazi ophakeme ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa basengozini enkulu yokuthola isifo senhliziyo kamuva ekuphileni.

14. Amazinga aphansi e-estrogen: Abesifazane abaye badlula esikhathini sokukhulelwa noma abaye basuswa isibeletho banamazinga aphansi e-estrogen, angandisa ingozi yabo yesifo senhliziyo uma kuqhathaniswa nabesifazane abangakaze.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi nakuba ezinye izici zobungozi, ezifana nobudala nomlando womkhaya, zingenakushintshwa, ezinye eziningi zingalawulwa ngokushintsha indlela yokuphila nangokungenela kwezokwelapha.

Ukuhlolwa njalo, ukudla ngendlela enempilo, ukuvivinya umzimba njalo, ukuyeka ukubhema, nokulawula izimo ezingamahlalakhona ezinjengomfutho wegazi ophakeme nesifo sikashukela kungasiza ekunciphiseni ingozi yokuhlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo.

Izikhombo

PubMed/Medline https://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/download/pubmed_medline.html

RefinedWeb https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.01116

Poomsrikaew O, Ryan CJ, Zerwic JJ: Knowledge of heart attack symptoms and risk factors among native Thais: a street-intercept survey method. Int J Nurs Pract. 2010, 16 (5): 492-8.

Ahmed AAA, Al-Shami AM, Jamshed S, Zawiah M, Elnaem MH, Mohamed Ibrahim MI: Awareness of the Risk Factors for Heart Attack Among the General Public in Pahang, Malaysia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2020, 13 (): 3089-3102.

Fussman C, Rafferty AP, Reeves MJ, Zackery S, Lyon-Callo S, Anderson B: Racial disparities in knowledge of stroke and heart attack risk factors and warning signs among Michigan adults. Ethn Dis. 2009, 19 (2): 128-34.

Ahmed AAA, Al-Shami AM, Jamshed S, Fata Nahas AR: Development of questionnaire on awareness and action towards symptoms and risk factors of heart attack and stroke among a Malaysian population. BMC Public Health. 2019, 19 (1): 1300.

Hwang SY, Ryan CJ, Zerwic JJ: Korean immigrants' knowledge of heart attack symptoms and risk factors. J Immigr Minor Health. 2008, 10 (1): 67-72.

Fukuoka Y, Oh YJ: Perceived Heart Attack Likelihood in Adults with a High Diabetes Risk. Heart Lung. , 52 (): 42-47.

Poomsrikaew O, Ryan CJ, Zerwic JJ: Knowledge of heart attack symptoms and risk factors among native Thais. West J Nurs Res. 2009, 31 (8): 1088-9.

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What are the risk factors for heart attack?

There are several risk factors for heart attack, including:

1. Age: The risk of heart attack increases with age, especially after the age of 45 for men and 55 for women.

2. High cholesterol levels: High levels of LDL (bad) cholesterol and low levels of HDL (good) cholesterol can increase the risk of heart attack.

3. High blood pressure: Uncontrolled high blood pressure can damage the arteries and increase the risk of heart attack.

4. Diabetes: People with diabetes are at a higher risk of heart attack due to the damage high blood sugar can cause to blood vessels.

5. Being overweight or obese: Excess weight can increase the risk of heart attack by contributing to other risk factors such as high blood pressure and diabetes.

6. Not exercising: Lack of physical activity can contribute to the development of heart disease and increase the risk of heart attack.

7. Smoking: Smoking is a major risk factor for heart attack, as it damages the blood vessels and increases the risk of blood clots.

8. Family history: A family history of heart disease can increase the risk of heart attack.

9. Atrial fibrillation: This is an irregular heart rhythm that can increase the risk of heart attack and stroke.

10. Previous heart attack or stroke: People who have had a previous heart attack or stroke are at a higher risk of having another one.

11. Stress: Chronic stress can contribute to the development of heart disease and increase the risk of heart attack.

12. Autoimmune conditions: Conditions such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis can increase the risk of heart disease in women.

13. Pregnancy-related health problems: Women who develop gestational diabetes or hypertension during pregnancy are at an increased risk of developing heart disease later in life.

14. Low estrogen levels: Women who have gone through menopause or had a hysterectomy have lower levels of estrogen, which can increase their risk of heart disease compared to women who have not.

It is important to note that while some risk factors, such as age and family history, cannot be changed, many others can be managed through lifestyle changes and medical interventions.

Regular check-ups, maintaining a healthy diet, exercising regularly, quitting smoking, and managing chronic conditions like high blood pressure and diabetes can help reduce the risk of heart attack.

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