Daar is verskeie risikofaktore vir 'n hartaanval, waaronder:
1. Ouderdom: Die risiko van 'n hartaanval neem toe met die ouderdom, veral ná die ouderdom van 45 vir mans en 55 vir vroue.
2. Hoë cholesterolvlakke: Hoë vlakke van LDL (slegte) cholesterol en lae vlakke van HDL (goeie) cholesterol kan die risiko van 'n hartaanval verhoog.
3. Hoë bloeddruk: Onbeheerde hoë bloeddruk kan die arterieë beskadig en die risiko van 'n hartaanval verhoog.
4. Diabetes: Mense met diabetes loop 'n hoër risiko vir 'n hartaanval as gevolg van die skade wat hoë bloedsuiker aan bloedvate kan veroorsaak.
5. Te veel gewig of vetsug: Te veel gewig kan die risiko van 'n hartaanval verhoog deur by te dra tot ander risikofaktore soos hoë bloeddruk en diabetes.
6. Moenie oefen nie: Gebrek aan fisiese aktiwiteit kan bydra tot die ontwikkeling van hartsiektes en die risiko van 'n hartaanval verhoog.
7. Rook: Rook is 'n belangrike risikofaktor vir 'n hartaanval, aangesien dit die bloedvate beskadig en die risiko van bloedklonte verhoog.
8. Gesinsgeskiedenis: 'n Gesinsgeskiedenis van hartsiektes kan die risiko van 'n hartaanval verhoog.
9. Atriale fibrillasie: Dit is 'n onreëlmatige hartritme wat die risiko van hartaanval en beroerte kan verhoog.
10. Vorige hartaanval of beroerte: Mense wat al voorheen 'n hartaanval of beroerte gehad het, loop 'n groter risiko om nog een te kry.
11. Stres: Chroniese stres kan bydra tot die ontwikkeling van hartsiektes en die risiko van 'n hartaanval verhoog.
12. Outo-immuuntoestande: Toestande soos lupus en rumatoïede artritis kan die risiko van hartsiektes by vroue verhoog.
13. Swangerskapverwante gesondheidsprobleme: Vroue wat swangerskapsdiabetes of hipertensie tydens swangerskap ontwikkel, loop 'n verhoogde risiko om later in die lewe hartsiektes te ontwikkel.
14. Lae estrogeenvlakke: Vroue wat die menopouse deurgemaak het of 'n hysterektomie ondergaan het, het laer estrogeenvlakke, wat hulle risiko vir hartsiektes kan verhoog in vergelyking met vroue wat dit nie gedoen het nie.
Dit is belangrik om daarop te let dat hoewel sommige risikofaktore, soos ouderdom en gesinsgeskiedenis, nie verander kan word nie, baie ander beheer kan word deur veranderinge in lewenstyl en mediese ingrypings.
Gereelde ondersoeke, 'n gesonde dieet, gereelde oefening, ophou rook en die hantering van chroniese toestande soos hoë bloeddruk en diabetes kan help om die risiko van 'n hartaanval te verminder.
Poomsrikaew O, Ryan CJ, Zerwic JJ: Knowledge of heart attack symptoms and risk factors among native Thais: a street-intercept survey method. Int J Nurs Pract. 2010, 16 (5): 492-8.
Ahmed AAA, Al-Shami AM, Jamshed S, Zawiah M, Elnaem MH, Mohamed Ibrahim MI: Awareness of the Risk Factors for Heart Attack Among the General Public in Pahang, Malaysia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2020, 13 (): 3089-3102.
Fussman C, Rafferty AP, Reeves MJ, Zackery S, Lyon-Callo S, Anderson B: Racial disparities in knowledge of stroke and heart attack risk factors and warning signs among Michigan adults. Ethn Dis. 2009, 19 (2): 128-34.
Ahmed AAA, Al-Shami AM, Jamshed S, Fata Nahas AR: Development of questionnaire on awareness and action towards symptoms and risk factors of heart attack and stroke among a Malaysian population. BMC Public Health. 2019, 19 (1): 1300.
Hwang SY, Ryan CJ, Zerwic JJ: Korean immigrants' knowledge of heart attack symptoms and risk factors. J Immigr Minor Health. 2008, 10 (1): 67-72.
Fukuoka Y, Oh YJ: Perceived Heart Attack Likelihood in Adults with a High Diabetes Risk. Heart Lung. , 52 (): 42-47.
Poomsrikaew O, Ryan CJ, Zerwic JJ: Knowledge of heart attack symptoms and risk factors among native Thais. West J Nurs Res. 2009, 31 (8): 1088-9.
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What are the risk factors for heart attack?
There are several risk factors for heart attack, including:
1. Age: The risk of heart attack increases with age, especially after the age of 45 for men and 55 for women.
2. High cholesterol levels: High levels of LDL (bad) cholesterol and low levels of HDL (good) cholesterol can increase the risk of heart attack.
3. High blood pressure: Uncontrolled high blood pressure can damage the arteries and increase the risk of heart attack.
4. Diabetes: People with diabetes are at a higher risk of heart attack due to the damage high blood sugar can cause to blood vessels.
5. Being overweight or obese: Excess weight can increase the risk of heart attack by contributing to other risk factors such as high blood pressure and diabetes.
6. Not exercising: Lack of physical activity can contribute to the development of heart disease and increase the risk of heart attack.
7. Smoking: Smoking is a major risk factor for heart attack, as it damages the blood vessels and increases the risk of blood clots.
8. Family history: A family history of heart disease can increase the risk of heart attack.
9. Atrial fibrillation: This is an irregular heart rhythm that can increase the risk of heart attack and stroke.
10. Previous heart attack or stroke: People who have had a previous heart attack or stroke are at a higher risk of having another one.
11. Stress: Chronic stress can contribute to the development of heart disease and increase the risk of heart attack.
12. Autoimmune conditions: Conditions such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis can increase the risk of heart disease in women.
13. Pregnancy-related health problems: Women who develop gestational diabetes or hypertension during pregnancy are at an increased risk of developing heart disease later in life.
14. Low estrogen levels: Women who have gone through menopause or had a hysterectomy have lower levels of estrogen, which can increase their risk of heart disease compared to women who have not.
It is important to note that while some risk factors, such as age and family history, cannot be changed, many others can be managed through lifestyle changes and medical interventions.
Regular check-ups, maintaining a healthy diet, exercising regularly, quitting smoking, and managing chronic conditions like high blood pressure and diabetes can help reduce the risk of heart attack.
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