What is pathophysiology of Heart attack?

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Wat is die patofisiologie van 'n hartaanval?

Die patofisiologie van 'n hartaanval, ook bekend as miokardiale infarksie, behels die versteuring van die bloedvloei na 'n deel van die hartspier, wat lei tot die dood van hartselle.

Dit kom gewoonlik voor as gevolg van die obstruksie van 'n kransslagader deur 'n bloedklont, wat dikwels die gevolg is van aterosklerose, 'n toestand waar plaak in die arteries opbou.

Die plaak bestaan uit cholesterol, vetstowwe, sellulêre afvalprodukte, kalsium en fibrine.

Wanneer 'n plaak breek, kan dit veroorsaak dat 'n bloedklont vorm, wat die slagader kan blokkeer en verhoed dat suurstofryke bloed die hartspier bereik.

Hierdie gebrek aan suurstof veroorsaak dat die hartspier selle sterf, wat tot 'n hartaanval lei.

Die omvang van die skade hang af van die grootte van die gebied wat deur die geblokkeerde slagader voorsien word en die tyd tussen die aanval en die behandeling.

Simptome van 'n hartaanval kan borspyn of ongemak, kortasem, naarheid, duiseligheid en pyn in die arms, nek, kakebeen of rug insluit.

Behandeling vir 'n hartaanval behels gewoonlik om die bloedvloei na die hartspier so vinnig as moontlik te herstel, hetsy deur middel van medikasie of prosedures soos angioplastie en stenting of koronêre arterie-bypass-chirurgie.

Dit is belangrik om daarop te let dat die patofisiologie van 'n hartaanval ingewikkeld is en verskeie faktore insluit, insluitend genetiese, lewenstyl- en omgewingsfaktore.

Risikofaktore vir 'n hartaanval sluit hoë bloeddruk, hoë cholesterol, rook, diabetes, vetsug, gebrek aan fisiese aktiwiteit en 'n familiegeskiedenis van hartsiektes in.

Die hantering van hierdie risikofaktore kan help om die waarskynlikheid van 'n hartaanval te verminder.

Verwysings

PubMed/Medline https://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/download/pubmed_medline.html

RefinedWeb https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.01116

Scott J: Pathophysiology and biochemistry of cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2004, 14 (3): 271-9.

Liu Chung Ming C, Sesperez K, Ben-Sefer E, Arpon D, McGrath K, McClements L, Gentile C: Considerations to Model Heart Disease in Women with Preeclampsia and Cardiovascular Disease. Cells. 2021, 10 (4): .

Hansen J, Victor RG: Direct measurement of sympathetic activity: new insights into disordered blood pressure regulation in chronic renal failure. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 1994, 3 (6): 636-43.

LaMacchia JC, Roth MB: Aquaporins-2 and -4 regulate glycogen metabolism and survival during hyposmotic-anoxic stress in Caenorhabditis elegans. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2015, 309 (2): C92-6.

Tham YK, Bernardo BC, Ooi JY, Weeks KL, McMullen JR: Pathophysiology of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure: signaling pathways and novel therapeutic targets. Arch Toxicol. 2015, 89 (9): 1401-38.

Lonn E: The clinical relevance of pharmacological blood pressure lowering mechanisms. Can J Cardiol. 2004, 20 Suppl B (): 83B-88B.

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What is pathophysiology of heart attack?

The pathophysiology of a heart attack, also known as myocardial infarction, involves the disruption of blood flow to a part of the heart muscle, leading to the death of heart cells.

This typically occurs due to the obstruction of a coronary artery by a blood clot, which is often the result of atherosclerosis, a condition where plaque builds up in the arteries.

The plaque is made up of cholesterol, fatty substances, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin.

When a plaque ruptures, it can cause a blood clot to form, which can block the artery and prevent oxygen-rich blood from reaching the heart muscle.

This lack of oxygen causes the heart muscle cells to die, leading to a heart attack.

The extent of the damage depends on the size of the area supplied by the blocked artery and the time between the attack and treatment.

Symptoms of a heart attack can include chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, nausea, lightheadedness, and pain in the arms, neck, jaw, or back.

Treatment for a heart attack usually involves restoring blood flow to the heart muscle as quickly as possible, either through medication or procedures such as angioplasty and stenting or coronary artery bypass surgery.

It is important to note that the pathophysiology of a heart attack is complex and involves multiple factors, including genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors.

Risk factors for heart attack include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, obesity, lack of physical activity, and a family history of heart disease.

Managing these risk factors can help reduce the likelihood of experiencing a heart attack.

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