7. Riwayat panyakit paru-paru pribadi: Urang nang baisi riwayat panyakit paru-paru kaya panyakit paru-paru obstruktif kronis (PPOK) atawa tuberkulosis bisa baisi risiko maningkat kanker paru-paru.
8. Umur: Risiko kanker paru-paru meningkat seiring bertambahnya usia, dengan sebagian besar kasus terjadi pada orang di atas usia 65 tahun.
9. Jenis kelamin: Lakian labih mungkin terkena kanker paru-paru daripada wanita.
10. Terapi radiasi: Terapi radiasi dada sebelumnya untuk kanker lain dapat meningkatkan risiko kanker paru-paru.
11. Diet: Diet nang rendah buah wan sayuran kawa maningkatakan risiko kanker paru-paru.
12. Konsumsi alkohol: Konsumsi alkohol nang talalu banyak kawa maningkatakan risiko kanker paru-paru.
13. Genetika: Mutasi genetik tertentu dapat meningkatkan risiko kanker paru-paru.
Penting gasan dicatat bahwa baisi satu atawa labih dari faktor risiko ini kada harus berarti seseorang akan mengidap kanker paru-paru, wan beberapa urang nang mengidap kanker paru-paru mungkin kada baisi faktor risiko nang diketahui.
Namun, mengurangi atau menghindari paparan faktor risiko ini kawa membantu mengurangi kemungkinan terkena kanker paru-paru.
Jin YJ, Tang W, Huang Y, Wang JW, Hou DH, Qi LL, Zhao SJ, Wu N: [Risk factors for lung cancer based on low-dose computed tomography screening]. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi. 2020, 42 (3): 222-227.
Hosseini M, Naghan PA, Karimi S, SeyedAlinaghi S, Bahadori M, Khodadad K, Mohammadi F, Kaynama K, Keynama K, Masjedi MR: Environmental risk factors for lung cancer in Iran: a case-control study. Int J Epidemiol. 2009, 38 (4): 989-96.
Zhou X, Hu J, Zhang C, Zhan Y, Song Y, Fan W, Hu Z, Yang H, Yang Q, Wu D, Li F, Li D, Nie R: Clinical characteristics and risk factors for in-hospital mortality of lung cancer patients with COVID-19: A multicenter, retrospective, cohort study. Thorac Cancer. 2021, 12 (1): 57-65.
Liu X, Fan Y, Jiang Y, Xiang J, Wang J, Sun Z, Ren G, Yao S, Chang R, Zhao Y, Qiao Y, Zhou Q: [A cohort study on risk factors of lung cancer in Yunnan tin miners]. Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi. 2013, 16 (4): 184-90.
Aoun J, Saleh N, Waked M, Salamé J, Salameh P: Lung cancer correlates in Lebanese adults: a pilot case--control study. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2013, 3 (4): 235-44.
Chan-Yeung M, Koo LC, Ho JC, Tsang KW, Chau WS, Chiu SW, Ip MS, Lam WK: Risk factors associated with lung cancer in Hong Kong. Lung Cancer. 2003, 40 (2): 131-40.
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What are the risk factors for lung cancer?
The risk factors for lung cancer include:
1. Smoking: Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer.
The risk increases with the number of cigarettes smoked per day and the number of years a person has smoked.
2. Secondhand smoke: Exposure to secondhand smoke can increase the risk of lung cancer in non-smokers.
3. Radon gas: Exposure to high levels of radon gas, a naturally occurring radioactive gas, can increase the risk of lung cancer.
4. Asbestos and other carcinogens: Exposure to asbestos, arsenic, chromium, nickel, soot, tar, and other substances can cause lung cancer.
5. Air pollution: Long-term exposure to air pollution, particularly in urban areas, may slightly increase the risk of lung cancer.
6. Family history: A family history of lung cancer may increase a person's risk.
7. Personal history of lung disease: People with a history of lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or tuberculosis may have an increased risk of lung cancer.
8. Age: The risk of lung cancer increases with age, with most cases occurring in people over the age of 65.
9. Gender: Men are more likely to develop lung cancer than women.
10. Radiation therapy: Previous radiation therapy to the chest for other cancers can increase the risk of lung cancer.
11. Diet: A diet low in fruits and vegetables may increase the risk of lung cancer.
12. Alcohol consumption: Heavy alcohol consumption may increase the risk of lung cancer.
13. Genetics: Certain genetic mutations may increase the risk of lung cancer.
It is important to note that having one or more of these risk factors does not necessarily mean a person will develop lung cancer, and some people who develop lung cancer may not have any known risk factors.
However, reducing or avoiding exposure to these risk factors can help lower the chances of developing lung cancer.
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