Maammuan ti kanser ti prostate babaen ti nagduduma a panangeksamen ken pamay-an, a mabalin a pakairamanan ti:
1. Digital Rectal Exam (DRE): Iserrek ti doktor ti naka-glove, nasapsapoan iti lana a ramayna iti rectum tapno mariknana ti aniaman a di normal iti prostate.
2. Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test: Maysa daytoy a panangsukimat iti dara a mangrukod iti kaadu ti PSA, maysa a protina a patauden ti prostate gland.
Ti nangato a PSA mabalin nga ipasimudaagna nga adda kanser ti prostate.
3. Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS): Maysa a bassit a probe ti maiserrek iti rectum tapno agpartuat iti ladawan ti prostate babaen ti panangusar kadagiti sound wave.
Makatulong daytoy a mangilasin iti aniaman a di normal iti prostate gland.
4. Biopsy: Maala ti bassit a tisyu ti prostate ket masukimat babaen iti mikroskopio tapno makita no adda dagiti selula ti kanser.
Daytoy ti kakaisuna a sigurado a pamay-an a mangdayagnos iti kanser iti prostate.
5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Ti MRI scan ti prostate ket makatulong a mangilasin iti aniaman a di normal ken mangiwanwan iti pamay-an ti biopsy.
6. Panangsukimat iti Genom: Mabalin nga usaren ti dadduma a doktor ti panangsukimat iti genom tapno maammuan no kasano kakaro ti kanser ken tapno maiwanwanda iti panangagas.
7. Bone Scan: Mabalin a maaramid ti bone scan tapno maammuan no nagsaknapen ti kanser kadagiti tulang.
8. Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: Mabalin a mausar ti CT scan tapno maammuan no nagsaknapen ti kanser iti dadduma nga organo wenno tisyu.
Napateg a laglagipen a saan nga amin a lallaki nga addaan iti nangato a PSA wenno abnormal a resulta ti DRE ket addaan iti kanser iti prostate, ken saan nga amin a kanser iti prostate ti pakaigapuan ti nangato a PSA.
Gapuna, nasken ti biopsy tapno mapasingkedan ti diagnosis.
Kanayonanna, ti desision a maeksamen ti bagi ket maaramid kalpasan a mausig dagiti resulta dagitoy a panangeksamen ken dagiti mabalin a makagapu ken kayat ti maysa a tao.
Saldova R, Fan Y, Fitzpatrick JM, Watson RW, Rudd PM: Core fucosylation and alpha2-3 sialylation in serum N-glycome is significantly increased in prostate cancer comparing to benign prostate hyperplasia. Glycobiology. 2011, 21 (2): 195-205.
Marenco J, Kasivisvanathan V, Emberton M: New standards in prostate biopsy. Arch Esp Urol. 2019, 72 (2): 142-149.
Moradi M, Mousavi P, Abolmaesumi P: Computer-aided diagnosis of prostate cancer with emphasis on ultrasound-based approaches: a review. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2007, 33 (7): 1010-28.
Cuperlovic-Culf M, Belacel N, Davey M, Ouellette RJ: Multi-gene biomarker panel for reference free prostate cancer diagnosis: determination and independent validation. Biomarkers. 2010, 15 (8): 693-706.
McGrath SE, Michael A, Morgan R, Pandha H: EN2: a novel prostate cancer biomarker. Biomark Med. 2013, 7 (6): 893-901.
An Y, Chang W, Wang W, Wu H, Pu K, Wu A, Qin Z, Tao Y, Yue Z, Wang P, Wang Z: A novel tetrapeptide fluorescence sensor for early diagnosis of prostate cancer based on imaging Zn2+ in healthy versus cancerous cells. J Adv Res. 2020, 24 (): 363-370.
[Consensus of Chinese experts on the application of molecular imaging targeting prostate specific membrane antigen in prostate cancer patients]. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2018, 56 (2): 91-94.
Zhong WD, He HC, Bi XC, Ou RB, Jiang SA, Liu LS: cDNA macroarray for analysis of gene expression profiles in prostate cancer. Chin Med J (Engl). 2006, 119 (7): 570-3.
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How is prostate cancer diagnosed?
Prostate cancer is diagnosed through a combination of tests and procedures, which may include:
1. Digital Rectal Exam (DRE): A doctor inserts a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum to feel the prostate for any abnormalities.
2. Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test: This is a blood test that measures the level of PSA, a protein produced by the prostate gland.
Elevated PSA levels may indicate the presence of prostate cancer.
3. Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS): A small probe is inserted into the rectum to create an image of the prostate using sound waves.
This can help identify any abnormalities in the prostate gland.
4. Biopsy: A small sample of prostate tissue is removed and examined under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells.
This is the only definitive way to diagnose prostate cancer.
5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): An MRI scan of the prostate can help identify any abnormalities and guide the biopsy procedure.
6. Genomic Testing: Some doctors may use genomic tests to help determine the aggressiveness of the cancer and guide treatment decisions.
7. Bone Scan: A bone scan may be performed to check if the cancer has spread to the bones.
8. Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: A CT scan may be used to check if the cancer has spread to other organs or tissues.
It is important to note that not all men with elevated PSA levels or abnormal DRE results will have prostate cancer, and not all prostate cancers will cause elevated PSA levels.
Therefore, a biopsy is necessary to confirm the diagnosis.
Additionally, the decision to undergo a biopsy is made after considering the results of these tests and the individual's risk factors and preferences.
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