Mũrimũ wa ironda cia mahũri, ũrĩa ningĩ wĩtagwo na rĩĩtwa rĩngĩ, nĩ mũrimũ wa gĩkonde ũrĩa wonanagio nĩ gũkoragwo na tũronda tũtune, tũrĩa tũcungaga, na tũgathegea.
No ũkorũo ũrehagwo nĩ maũndũ matiganĩte, ta kũhiũha kũhiũha kũhiũha mwĩrĩ, mĩrimũ, na ndawa imwe.
Nĩguo mũndũ amenye kana arĩ na mũrimũ ũcio nĩ abataraga gũthuthurio kabere, gũthimwo mwĩrĩ, na rĩmwe gũthimwo thĩinĩ wa laborotarĩ.
1. Maũndũ megiĩ ũgima wake wa mwĩrĩ: Ndagĩtarĩ nĩ egũgũria ũhoro wĩgiĩ ũrĩa ũrũarĩte, o hamwe na maũndũ marĩa ũmenyete atĩ mũndũ ũcio nĩ arahiũrania namo, mĩrimũ ĩrĩa arũarĩte ica ikuhĩ, na ndawa iria arahũthĩra.
Ningĩ nĩ megũkũria ciũria ciĩgiĩ rĩrĩa wambĩrĩirie kũgĩa na mathĩna macio, magakinya rĩ, na nĩ maũndũ marĩkũ mangĩmũrehera mathĩna macio.
2. Gũthuthuria mũndũ: Ndagĩtarĩ nĩ egũthuthuria mũndũ ũcio one kana harĩ na ironda ironeka mwĩrĩ-inĩ, one kana nĩ nene na ironeka kũndũ guothe.
Ningĩ no marore kana harĩ na maũndũ mangĩ maronania atĩ mũndũ nĩ arahiũrania na kĩndũ ta kũimba ũthiũ, iromo, kana rũrĩmĩ.
3. Ũthuthuria wa laborotarĩ: Rĩmwe na rĩmwe, ndagĩtarĩ no oe thakame nĩguo athuthurie kana mũndũ arĩ na thumu kana mũrimũ ũngĩ.
Ningĩ mũndũ no ekwo ũthuthuria wa gĩkonde gĩake kana wa ironda nĩguo amenye kĩrĩa kĩmũrehagĩra thĩna.
4. Ũthuthuria wa kũhiũrania na kĩndũ kĩũru: Ndagĩtarĩ angĩona atĩ mũndũ ũcio nĩ arahiũrania na kĩndũ kĩũru, no atũme athiĩ kũrĩ ndagĩtarĩ ũngĩ ũtuĩragie ũrĩa angĩhiũrania na kĩndũ kĩu.
Ũndũ ũcio no ũkorũo ũrĩ gũthima mũndũ na njĩra ya kũmũtheeca, kũmũhaka kĩndũ gĩtheru gĩthũri-inĩ gĩake, kana gũthima thakame nĩguo kũmenyeke kĩrĩa kĩmũrehagĩra thumu.
5. Gũtuĩria ũrĩa mũndũ arũarĩte: Ndagĩtarĩ no ecirie maũndũ mangĩ marĩa mangĩkorũo matũmĩte mũndũ arware, ta mũrimũ ũngĩ wa ngothi kana mũrimũ ũngĩ, na no oe watho athuthurie maũndũ macio nĩguo one kana nĩ marwarĩte.
6. Ũthuthuria wa kũgeria gũthuthuria mũndũ: Harĩ andũ arĩa magĩaga na mũrimũ wa kũgũa nĩ ũndũ wa kũhũahũa, kũigua heho, kana kũhinyĩrĩrio, ndagĩtarĩ no athuthurie mũndũ ũcio nĩguo one kana arĩ na mũrimũ ũcio.
Ũndũ ũcio nĩ hamwe na kũhutia mũndũ gĩkonde kĩrĩa ũreciria no kĩmũrehere mũrimũ ũcio nĩguo wone kana no arware.
7. Ũthuthuria wa mwĩrĩ: Mũndũ angĩkorũo na mũrimũ wa kũgũa ironda-inĩ, ndagĩtarĩ no amwĩkĩre ũthuthuria nĩguo one kana harĩ na mĩrimũ ĩngĩ ĩgwatanagia mwĩrĩ na mwĩrĩ, tondũ rĩmwe na rĩmwe no ĩrehe mũrimũ ũcio.
8. Ũthuthuria wa mbica: Rĩmwe na rĩmwe, mũndũ no athuthurie na njĩra ya X-ray kana CT nĩguo kũmenyeke kana kũrĩ na mathĩna mangĩ maronania mũrimũ ta ũcio.
Kwa mũhiano, gũthima mũrimũ wa mũcoka nĩ hamwe na gũthima ũrĩa mũndũ aariũkire, gũthima mwĩrĩ, na rĩmwe gũthima maũndũ ma laborotarĩ.
Muoroto nĩ kũmenya kĩrĩa kĩratũma mũndũ arware na kũmenya njĩra ĩrĩa njega ya kũmũrigita.
Torabi B, Ben-Shoshan M: The association of cholinergic and cold-induced urticaria: diagnosis and management. BMJ Case Rep. 2015, 2015 (): .
Schoepke N, Doumoulakis G, Maurer M: Diagnosis of urticaria. Indian J Dermatol. 2013, 58 (3): 211-8.
Hochstadter EF, Ben-Shoshan M: Cold-induced urticaria: challenges in diagnosis and management. BMJ Case Rep. 2013, 2013 (): .
Ensina LF, Brandão LS, Neto HC, Ben-Shoshan M: Urticaria and angioedema in children and adolescents: diagnostic challenge. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2022, 50 (S Pt 1): 17-29.
Silvestre Salvador JF, Giménez-Arnau AM, Gómez de la Fuente E, González Del Castillo J, Martínez Virto AM, Miguens Blanco I, Serra-Baldrich E, Llorens P: Managing urticaria in the emergency department: recommendations of a multidisciplinary expert panel. Emergencias. 2021, 33 (4): 299-308.
Visitsuntorn N, Tuchinda M, Arunyanark N, Kerdsomnuk S: Ice cube test in children with cold urticaria. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 1992, 10 (2): 111-5.
['Ũkaana: thibitarĩ']
['Website ĩno ĩkoragwo ĩrĩ ya kũrutana na kũheana ũhoro tu na ti ya kũheana ũtaaro wa ũrigitani kana ũtungata wa kĩĩmwĩrĩ.']
['Ũhoro ũrĩa ũrĩ thĩinĩ wa broshua ĩyo ndwagĩrĩirũo kũhũthĩrũo gũthima kana kũrigita mũrimũ mũna, na arĩa marenda ũtaaro wa ũrigitani magĩrĩirũo gũcaria ũteithio wa ndagĩtarĩ.']
['No wone atĩ netiwaki ya neuron ĩrĩa ĩheanaga macokio ma ciũria icio, ndĩkoragwo na ũkinyanĩru mũno ũhoro-inĩ wĩgiĩ namba. Kwa ngerekano, mũigana wa andũ arĩa magwatĩtio mũrimũ mũna.']
['Hingo ciothe caria ũtaaro wa ndagĩtarĩ kana mũndũ ũngĩ wagĩrĩire ũgima-inĩ waku wa mwĩrĩ igũrũ rĩgiĩ mũrimũ. Ndũkaanahũthie ũtaaro wa ndagĩtarĩ kana ũcererũo kũũcaria nĩ ũndũ wa ũndũ ũthomete thĩinĩ wa website ĩno. Ũngĩkorũo ũrona ta wacemania na ũndũ mũhiũ, hũra thimũ 911 kana ũthiĩ thibitarĩ ya hakuhĩ na harĩa ũrĩ. Gũtirĩ ũrata wa ndagĩtarĩ na mũrwaru wonekaga nĩ ũndũ wa website ĩno kana kũhũthĩrũo kwayo. BioMedLib kana aruti ayo a wĩra, kana mũndũ ũngĩ wothe ũrutĩte wĩra thĩinĩ wa website ĩno, ndarĩ na ũira, wa ĩmwe kwa ĩmwe kana wa ĩmwe kwa ĩmwe, wĩgiĩ ũhoro ũrĩa ũheanĩtwo ho kana ũrĩa ũhũthĩrĩtwo.']
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['Watho wa Digital Millennium Copyright Act wa 1998, 17 U.S.C. § 512 (the DMCA) ũheanaga ũhoti wa ene a ihoto cia wandĩki arĩa metĩkĩtie atĩ ũhoro ũrĩa ũroneka intanetiinĩ nĩ ũtharĩtie ihooto ciao kũringana na watho wa U.S. wa ihoto cia wandĩki.']
['Ũngĩkorũo na wĩtĩkio atĩ ũhoro kana kĩndũ kĩna gĩtahingũrĩtwo ũhoro-inĩ wĩgiĩ website kana ũtungata witũ nĩ gĩgũthũkia ihooto ciaku, wee (kana mũndũ ũrĩa ũgũgũthondekera) no ũtũtũmĩre notithi ũkĩũria ũhoro kana kĩndũ kĩu kĩeherio, kana ũrigĩrĩrio ndũgacihũthĩre.']
["Marũa macio magĩrĩire gũtũmwo na njĩra ya kwandĩkwo na e-mail (rora ũhoro wa andirethi gĩcunjĩinĩ kĩa 'Maũndũ ma kwaranĩria')."]
['DMCA ĩbataraga atĩ notithi yaku ya kuuna ihooto cia wandĩki ĩkorwo na ũhoro ũyũ: (1) ũtaarĩria wa wĩra ũrĩa ũrĩ na ihooto cia wandĩki ũrĩa ũrarumwo; (2) ũtaarĩria wa ũhoro ũrĩa ũrarumwo na ũhoro mũiganu wa gũtũhotithia kũmenya kũrĩa ũhoro ũcio ũrĩ; (3) ũhoro waku wa kwaranĩria, hamwe na andirethi, namba ya thimũ na andirethi ya e-mail; (4) ndũmĩrĩri yaku atĩ wĩ na wĩtĩkio mwega atĩ ũhoro ũcio ũramenererio ndũrĩ na rũtha rwa mwene wa watho, kana mũrũgamĩrĩri, kana rwa watho o wothe; ']
['(5) nĩ mwandĩkanĩire, na nĩ mũkũheo mũkaana wa kũheenania, atĩ ũhoro ũrĩa ũrĩ kĩmenyithiainĩ kĩu nĩ wa ma na atĩ mũrĩ na ũhoti wa kũhingia ihooto iria mũreganĩte nacio;']
['na (6) kĩrore kĩa mwene kĩhoto kana kĩa mũndũ wĩtĩkĩritio gwĩtongoria handũ ha mwene kĩhoto.']
['Kwaga kwandĩka ũhoro ũcio wothe no gũtũme gũtangĩka gwaku kũhĩtũke.']
['Ũhoro wa Kwaranĩria']
['Tũma ndũmĩrĩri ya kũbucia kũgerera thimũ kana thimũ ya mohoro.']
How is urticaria diagnosed?
Urticaria, also known as hives, is a skin condition characterized by the appearance of red, itchy, and swollen welts on the skin.
It can be caused by a variety of factors, including allergic reactions, infections, and certain medications.
Diagnosing urticaria involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and sometimes laboratory tests.
1. Medical history: The doctor will ask about the patient's medical history, including any known allergies, recent illnesses, and medications taken.
They will also inquire about the onset of symptoms, their duration, and any potential triggers.
2. Physical examination: The doctor will examine the skin for the presence of welts, their size, and distribution.
They may also check for other signs of an allergic reaction, such as swelling of the face, lips, or tongue.
3. Laboratory tests: In some cases, the doctor may order blood tests to check for the presence of allergies or infections.
Skin tests, such as a skin prick test or patch test, may also be performed to identify specific allergens.
4. Allergy tests: If the doctor suspects an allergic reaction, they may refer the patient to an allergist for further testing.
This may include skin prick tests, patch tests, or blood tests to identify specific allergens.
5. Differential diagnosis: The doctor will also consider other possible causes of the symptoms, such as other skin conditions or underlying medical conditions, and may order additional tests to rule these out.
6. Provocation tests: In cases of physical urticaria, where the hives are triggered by physical stimuli such as heat, cold, or pressure, the doctor may perform a provocation test to confirm the diagnosis.
This involves exposing the skin to the suspected trigger to see if a reaction occurs.
7. Autoimmune tests: In cases of chronic urticaria, the doctor may order tests to check for autoimmune disorders, as these can sometimes cause the condition.
8. Imaging tests: In rare cases, imaging tests such as an X-ray or CT scan may be ordered to rule out other conditions that may cause similar symptoms.
Overall, diagnosing urticaria involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and sometimes laboratory tests.
The goal is to identify the underlying cause and determine the best course of treatment for the patient.
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