Urticaria, inayojulikana pia kama kikohozi, ni ugonjwa wa ngozi unaojulikana kwa kuonekana kwa nyuso nyekundu, zinazochoma, na zilizovimba kwenye ngozi.
Inaweza kusababishwa na mambo mbalimbali, kutia ndani mzio, maambukizo, na dawa fulani.
Kuchunguza ugonjwa wa urticaria huhusisha historia ya ugonjwa, uchunguzi wa kimwili, na nyakati nyingine vipimo vya maabara.
1. Historia ya kitiba: Daktari atauliza juu ya historia ya kitiba ya mgonjwa, kutia ndani mzio wowote unaojulikana, magonjwa ya hivi karibuni, na dawa zilizotumiwa.
Pia watauliza kuhusu mwanzo wa dalili, urefu wake, na visababishi vyovyote vinavyoweza kusababisha dalili hizo.
2. Uchunguzi wa kimwili: Daktari atachunguza ngozi ili kuona kama kuna vidonda, ukubwa wake, na jinsi ambavyo vimeenea.
Pia wanaweza kuchunguza ikiwa kuna dalili nyingine za mzio, kama vile uvimbe wa uso, midomo, au ulimi.
3. Uchunguzi wa maabara: Katika visa fulani, daktari aweza kuagiza uchunguzi wa damu ili kuchunguza ikiwa kuna mzio au maambukizo.
Uchunguzi wa ngozi, kama vile mtihani wa ngozi au mtihani wa patch, unaweza pia kufanywa ili kutambua virutubisho maalum.
4. Uchunguzi wa mzio: Daktari akishuku kwamba mgonjwa ana mzio, anaweza kumpeleka mtaalamu wa mzio kwa ajili ya uchunguzi zaidi.
Hilo laweza kutia ndani vipimo vya ngozi, vipimo vya patch, au vipimo vya damu ili kutambua visababishi hususa vya mzio.
5. Utambuzi wa Tofauti: Daktari atafikiria pia visababishi vingine vinavyoweza kusababisha dalili hizo, kama vile magonjwa mengine ya ngozi au magonjwa mengine, na aweza kuagiza uchunguzi wa ziada ili kuepuka magonjwa hayo.
6. Majaribio ya kuchochea: Katika visa vya urticaria ya kimwili, ambapo vimelea huchochewa na vichocheo vya kimwili kama vile joto, baridi, au shinikizo, daktari aweza kufanya jaribio la kuchochea ili kuthibitisha utambuzi.
Hilo linatia ndani kufunua ngozi kwa kichocheo kinachodhaniwa ili kuona ikiwa mmenyuko utatokea.
7. Uchunguzi wa mfumo wa kinga ya mwili: Katika visa vya urticaria ya kudumu, daktari aweza kuagiza uchunguzi ili kuchunguza ikiwa kuna magonjwa ya kinga ya mwili, kwa kuwa nyakati nyingine magonjwa hayo yanaweza kusababisha ugonjwa huo.
8. Uchunguzi wa picha: Katika visa vichache, uchunguzi wa picha kama vile X-ray au CT scan waweza kuamriwa ili kuondoa hali nyingine zinazoweza kusababisha dalili kama hizo.
Kwa ujumla, kugundua ugonjwa wa urticaria huhusisha historia ya ugonjwa, uchunguzi wa kimwili, na nyakati nyingine vipimo vya maabara.
Lengo ni kutambua kisababishi cha ugonjwa huo na kuamua matibabu bora kwa mgonjwa huyo.
Torabi B, Ben-Shoshan M: The association of cholinergic and cold-induced urticaria: diagnosis and management. BMJ Case Rep. 2015, 2015 (): .
Schoepke N, Doumoulakis G, Maurer M: Diagnosis of urticaria. Indian J Dermatol. 2013, 58 (3): 211-8.
Hochstadter EF, Ben-Shoshan M: Cold-induced urticaria: challenges in diagnosis and management. BMJ Case Rep. 2013, 2013 (): .
Ensina LF, Brandão LS, Neto HC, Ben-Shoshan M: Urticaria and angioedema in children and adolescents: diagnostic challenge. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2022, 50 (S Pt 1): 17-29.
Silvestre Salvador JF, Giménez-Arnau AM, Gómez de la Fuente E, González Del Castillo J, Martínez Virto AM, Miguens Blanco I, Serra-Baldrich E, Llorens P: Managing urticaria in the emergency department: recommendations of a multidisciplinary expert panel. Emergencias. 2021, 33 (4): 299-308.
Visitsuntorn N, Tuchinda M, Arunyanark N, Kerdsomnuk S: Ice cube test in children with cold urticaria. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 1992, 10 (2): 111-5.
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How is urticaria diagnosed?
Urticaria, also known as hives, is a skin condition characterized by the appearance of red, itchy, and swollen welts on the skin.
It can be caused by a variety of factors, including allergic reactions, infections, and certain medications.
Diagnosing urticaria involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and sometimes laboratory tests.
1. Medical history: The doctor will ask about the patient's medical history, including any known allergies, recent illnesses, and medications taken.
They will also inquire about the onset of symptoms, their duration, and any potential triggers.
2. Physical examination: The doctor will examine the skin for the presence of welts, their size, and distribution.
They may also check for other signs of an allergic reaction, such as swelling of the face, lips, or tongue.
3. Laboratory tests: In some cases, the doctor may order blood tests to check for the presence of allergies or infections.
Skin tests, such as a skin prick test or patch test, may also be performed to identify specific allergens.
4. Allergy tests: If the doctor suspects an allergic reaction, they may refer the patient to an allergist for further testing.
This may include skin prick tests, patch tests, or blood tests to identify specific allergens.
5. Differential diagnosis: The doctor will also consider other possible causes of the symptoms, such as other skin conditions or underlying medical conditions, and may order additional tests to rule these out.
6. Provocation tests: In cases of physical urticaria, where the hives are triggered by physical stimuli such as heat, cold, or pressure, the doctor may perform a provocation test to confirm the diagnosis.
This involves exposing the skin to the suspected trigger to see if a reaction occurs.
7. Autoimmune tests: In cases of chronic urticaria, the doctor may order tests to check for autoimmune disorders, as these can sometimes cause the condition.
8. Imaging tests: In rare cases, imaging tests such as an X-ray or CT scan may be ordered to rule out other conditions that may cause similar symptoms.
Overall, diagnosing urticaria involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and sometimes laboratory tests.
The goal is to identify the underlying cause and determine the best course of treatment for the patient.
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