What are the risk factors for Diabetes?

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糖尿病嘅風險因素係咩?

有幾種糖尿病嘅風險因素,包括:

1. 家庭史: 有父母或者兄弟姐妹患糖尿病,會增加你患糖尿病嘅風險.

2. 年齡: 當你年紀越大,尤其喺 45 歲之後,患 2 型糖尿病嘅風險就越大.

3. 體重:超重或者肥胖會增加你嘅風險.

4. 缺乏運動: 缺乏運動可以增加你嘅風險.

5. 種族或者族裔: 有啲族群,例如非洲裔美國人,西班牙裔美國人,美洲原住民,亞洲裔美國人, 患上第二型糖尿病嘅風險更高.

6. 孕期糖尿病: 孕期糖尿病嘅女性 晚年患上第二型糖尿病嘅風險更高.

7.多囊卵巢症候群: 有呢個病嘅女性 患上第二型糖尿病嘅風險更高.

8. 代謝症候群: 包括高血壓,高膽固醇,大腰圍嘅疾病 增加第二型糖尿病嘅風險.

9. 吸煙: 吸煙可以增加胰島素抵抗性, 導致2型糖尿病.

10. 糖尿病前期: 糖尿病前期,或者血糖水平高於正常水平,會增加罹患第二型糖尿病嘅風險.

11. 低出生體重: 低出生體重嘅嬰兒 晚年患上第二型糖尿病嘅風險更高.

12. 高血壓: 高血壓會增加 2 型糖尿病嘅風險.

13. 胆固醇同甘油脂水平異常: 高甘油脂水平同低 HDL (好) 胆固醇水平會增加 2 型糖尿病嘅風險.

14. 睡眠呼吸暫停: 睡眠呼吸暫停嘅人 患上第二型糖尿病嘅風險會增加.

15. 壓力:慢性壓力可以增加患第二型糖尿病嘅風險.

16. 有啲藥物: 有啲藥物,例如類固醇同抗精神病藥物, 可以增加患第二型糖尿病嘅風險.

17. 炎症:慢性炎症可以增加 2 型糖尿病嘅風險.

18. 靜坐嘅生活方式: 靜坐嘅生活方式可以增加患第二型糖尿病嘅風險.

19. 高脂肪,高卡路里嘅飲食: 食高不健康嘅脂肪同卡路里可以增加患第二型糖尿病嘅風險.

20. 飲酒: 過度飲酒可以增加患第二型糖尿病嘅風險.

21. 睡眠不足: 睡眠不足可以增加患第二型糖尿病嘅風險.

22. 空氣污染: 暴露於空氣污染可以增加罹患第二型糖尿病嘅風險.

23. 有啲感染: 有啲感染,例如丙型肝炎, 可以增加患第二型糖尿病嘅風險.

24. 高水平嘅同位素: 高水平嘅同位素,一個氨基酸, 可以增加患第二型糖尿病嘅風險.

25. 尿酸含量高: 尿酸含量高,係一種廢棄物,可以增加患第二型糖尿病嘅風險.

26. C-反應蛋白嘅高水平: C-反應蛋白嘅高水平,係一種炎症嘅標誌,可以增加 2 型糖尿病嘅風險.

27. 高水平嘅纖維素: 高水平嘅纖維素,係一種參與血液凝固嘅蛋白質,可以增加患第二型糖尿病嘅風險.

28. 高水平嘅 PAI-1: 高水平嘅 PAI-1, 一個參與血液凝固嘅蛋白質, 可以增加患第二型糖尿病嘅風險.

29. 高水平嘅素: 高水平嘅素,一個參與食欲調節嘅激素, 可以增加患第二型糖尿病嘅風險.

30. 高水平嘅抗胰島素: 高水平嘅抗胰島素,一種參與抗胰島素嘅激素,可以增加患上抗胰島素嘅風險

參考資料

PubMed/Medline https://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/download/pubmed_medline.html

RefinedWeb https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.01116

King WM, Saseen JJ, Anderson SL: Characterization of diabetes risk factors in patients prescribed chronic statin therapy. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2014, 5 (5): 206-11.

Bielinski SJ, Pankow JS, Rasmussen-Torvik LJ, Bailey K, Li M, Selvin E, Couper D, Vazquez G, Brancati F: Strength of association for incident diabetes risk factors according to diabetes case definitions: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2012, 175 (5): 466-72.

Gangwisch JE, Gross R, Malaspina D: Differential Associations Between Depression, Risk Factors for Insulin Resistance and Diabetes Incidence in a Large U.S. Sample. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci. 2015, 52 (2): 85-90.

Leiva AM, Martínez MA, Petermann F, Garrido-Méndez A, Poblete-Valderrama F, Díaz-Martínez X, Celis-Morales C: [Risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes in Chile]. Nutr Hosp. 2018, 35 (2): 400-407.

Chatterjee R, Maruthur NM, Edelman D: Novel Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes in African-Americans. Curr Diab Rep. 2015, 15 (12): 103.

Higa S, Maesato A, Ishigaki S, Suenari K, Chen YJ, Chen SA: Diabetes and Endocrine Disorders (Hyperthyroidism/Hypothyroidism) as Risk Factors for Atrial Fibrillation. Card Electrophysiol Clin. 2021, 13 (1): 63-75.

Brodalko B: [Diabetes risk factors in the Regional Railway Hospital in Lublin, described on the basis of medical documentation]. Wiad Lek. 2000, 53 (5-6): 255-61.

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What are the risk factors for diabetes?

There are several risk factors for diabetes, including:

1. Family history: Having a parent or sibling with diabetes increases your risk.

2. Age: The risk of type 2 diabetes increases as you get older, especially after age 45.

3. Weight: Being overweight or obese increases your risk.

4. Physical inactivity: Lack of exercise can increase your risk.

5. Race or ethnicity: Certain ethnic groups, such as African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Native Americans, and Asian Americans, have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

6. Gestational diabetes: Women who have had gestational diabetes during pregnancy are at higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life.

7. Polycystic ovary syndrome: Women with this condition have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

8. Metabolic syndrome: This cluster of conditions, including high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and large waist circumference, increases the risk of type 2 diabetes.

9. Smoking: Smoking can increase insulin resistance, which can lead to type 2 diabetes.

10. Prediabetes: Having prediabetes, or higher than normal blood sugar levels, increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

11. Low birth weight: Babies with low birth weight have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life.

12. High blood pressure: Having high blood pressure increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

13. Abnormal cholesterol and triglyceride levels: High levels of triglycerides and low levels of HDL (good) cholesterol increase the risk of type 2 diabetes.

14. Sleep apnea: People with sleep apnea have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

15. Stress: Chronic stress can increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

16. Certain medications: Some medications, such as steroids and antipsychotics, can increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

17. Inflammation: Chronic inflammation can increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

18. Sedentary lifestyle: A sedentary lifestyle can increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

19. High-fat, high-calorie diet: Consuming a diet high in unhealthy fats and calories can increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

20. Alcohol consumption: Excessive alcohol consumption can increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

21. Sleep deprivation: Inadequate sleep can increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

22. Air pollution: Exposure to air pollution can increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

23. Certain infections: Certain infections, such as hepatitis C, can increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

24. High levels of homocysteine: High levels of homocysteine, an amino acid, can increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

25. High levels of uric acid: High levels of uric acid, a waste product, can increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

26. High levels of C-reactive protein: High levels of C-reactive protein, a marker of inflammation, can increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

27. High levels of fibrinogen: High levels of fibrinogen, a protein involved in blood clotting, can increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

28. High levels of PAI-1: High levels of PAI-1, a protein involved in blood clotting, can increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

29. High levels of leptin: High levels of leptin, a hormone involved in appetite regulation, can increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

30. High levels of resistin: High levels of resistin, a hormone involved in insulin resistance, can increase the risk of developing

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